15 April 2019, Volume 44 Issue 2
    

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    Research Articles
  • Quick Age Estimation from Facial Images
    SHEN Xiaohu, JIN Tian, ZHANG Changzhen, WAN Rongchun
    Forensic Science And Technology. 2019, 44(2): 95-99. https://doi.org/10.16467/j.1008-3650.2019.02.001
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    Objective To explore a fast method of facial age estimation for improving the structurizing efficiency of personnel information database, and fulfilling the requirements to monitor and warn against the suspected key crowd in surveillance video. Methods Based on the rationale of LBP local texture extraction and Gabor filter, an approach has been experimented and simulated on age estimation by facial images with the assistance of Matlab's COD visual system, VLFeat image processing toolbox function library and SVM (supportive vector machine) classifier. Results Compared to the manual visual measurement, the facial age prediction by simulation improves the speed and success rate for face image recognition. Conclusion The here-established method of facial age estimation is relatively simple and reliable, capable of being popularized and playing a good supporting role in structurizing both the bank of National Household Population Information and the one of key personnel information.
  • Approach for Exclusion of Full-sibling Relationship
    ZHOU Mi, WEI Fan, ZHANG Jun, WANG Jun
    Forensic Science And Technology. 2019, 44(2): 100-104. https://doi.org/10.16467/j.1008-3650.2019.02.002
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    Objective To establish a new approach for exclusion of full-sibling relationship by the exclusion of parents using the exhaustion strategy to calculate the probability of exclusion for all full-sibling possibility concerning the participation of multiple known full-siblings (PEFS-K), and to make it empirically validated with stochastic simulation. Methods The principle for the parental exclusion is: all the individuals are not likely to be of full-siblings if there is no one STR locus from any possible parents to conform to Mendel genetic law with the all involved individuals when three or more individuals join into the test for the full-sibling relationship. The comprehensive effectiveness for the approach of parental exclusion is evaluated by the probability of exclusion for all full-sibling possibility concerning the participation of 2~3 known full-siblings (PEFS-K2~PEFS-K3), based on the exact calculation under exhaustion of genotypes among the AGCU EX20 kit's 19 STR loci that are also identically computed by the previously-established 5-allele exclusion method (PEFive-K2~PEFive-K3). The simulation values of both PEFS-K2~PEFS-K3 and PEFive-K2~PEFive-K3 are collected and compared. Finally, the approach of exhaustion is empirically validated by contrasting the exact values against the simulated ones. Results PEFS-K2~PEFS-K3, obtained with the exact calculation under the exhaustion of genotypes in 19 STR loci of AGCU EX20 kit, are all in accordance with the simulation test, with the relevant CPEFS-K2 as 1-1.21128×10-3and CPEFS-K3 to be 1-8.63710×10-6. Conclusion The approach of parental exclusion is simple and clear, capable of being used into the full-sibling identification when three or more individuals participate in the test. The exhaustion strategy is a good alternative to calculate the exact values of PEFS-K, applicable for forensic genetics to rely on.
  • A New Method to Calculate Stature from the Stable Points of Barefoot Print
    ZHU Yuting, QIAO Shengnan, HU Shuliang
    Forensic Science And Technology. 2019, 44(2): 105-108. https://doi.org/10.16467/j.1008-3650.2019.02.003
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    Objective To explore a new method on calculating stature by measuring barefoot print. Methods 200 scanned barefoot print samples were selected of their respective four stable feature points by which a geometrical figure was engendered and measured of each side's length with a digital ruler. The correlation was therefore analyzed between the side lengths and stature so that a multiple regression formula was set up by SPSS software, having calculated the involving statures. The comparison was made on the advantages and disadvantages between the new attempt and traditional method. Results The new formula is of smaller error and more accurate to calculate stature than the traditional one of “stature = length of barefoot print × 7”. Conclusion Multivariate regressive analysis, based on four stable points of barefoot print, is a reliable and accurate choice to calculate stature.
  • Identifying E-cigarette-liquid-contained 5F-AMB by UPLC-Q-TOF MS and GC-MS
    QIAN Zhenhua, ZHENG Hui, GAO Lisheng
    Forensic Science And Technology. 2019, 44(2): 109-112. https://doi.org/10.16467/j.1008-3650.2019.02.004
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    Objective To develop a method by UPLC-Q-TOF MS coupling to GC-MS for identifying the E-cigarette-liquid-contained 5F-AMB said of its first China´s report, together with a description on the collision-induced dissociation (CID) pathway and the EI-MS fragmenting route of 5F-AMB. Methods The E-cigarette-liquid sample was extracted with methanol and water, leaving the supernatant to subject to UPLC-Q-TOF MS and GC-MS analyses. Results One unknown component (Rt=6.239 min) was detected by UPLC-Q-TOF MS, appearing its characteristic fragmenting ion peaks [M+H]+ and [M+23]+ in the single stage and m/z 233.1087, 213.1024, 145.0399, 304.1825, 177.0462 in the tandem (MS/MS) mode. The other unknown component (Rt=11.85 min), detected by GC-MS, turned up its characteristic fragmenting ion peaks at m/z 233, 304, 145, 213 and 249. Well-matched to the reference substance of 5F-AMB with both the retention time and characteristic fragmenting ion peaks, the drug in the tested E-cigarette-liquid was thus identified as 5F-AMB. Furthermore, the proposed pathways of ESI+ and EI-induced fragmentation of 5F-AMB were described in detail. Conclusions The method was simple and rapid, suitable for identification of 5F-AMB samples seized from cases of abusing new psychoactive substance.
  • Genetic Polymorphism of 19 Autosomal STR Loci of Han Population in Western Shandong Area
    ZHANG Lei, SUN Lu
    Forensic Science And Technology. 2019, 44(2): 113-116. https://doi.org/10.16467/j.1008-3650.2019.02.005
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    Objective To investigate the allelic distribution of 19 autosomal STR loci among Han population in western Shandong provincial area and explore its forensic value. Methods 19 autosomal STR (D8S1179, D21S11, D18S51, vWA, D3S1358, FGA, TH01, D5S818, D13S317, D7S820, CSF1PO, D16S539, TPOX, D2S1338, D19S433, PentaD, PentaE, D6S1043, D12S391) genotypes of 506 unrelated individuals from Han population in western Shandong area were detected by GoldenEye kit and analyzed with Genemapper ID v3.2 software after electrophoresis, with their genetic parameters being calculated. Results The 19 autosomal STR loci conform to Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (P >0.05), with the cumulative discriminative power (CDP) being 1-4.913858×10-20 and the combinatorial PE (CPE) as 1-7.619621×10-9. Conclusions The 19 autosomal STR loci are highly polymorphic in Han population among the western Shandong area, showing great value in paternity test and applicability for forensic identification.
  • Genetic Structure of China's Dongxiang-ethnic Population Based on Continental Ancestry-informative 27-plex SNPs
    YANG Xin, JIANG Li, LUO Jihuai, ZHANG Zilong, LI Jiuling, TANG Guangfeng, SUN Hongbing, LI Caixia
    Forensic Science And Technology. 2019, 44(2): 117-121. https://doi.org/10.16467/j.1008-3650.2019.02.006
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    Objective To explore the genetic polymorphism and structure of China's Dongxiang-ethnic population using the continental ancestry-informative 27-plex SNPs to analyze the genetic polymorphisms of the exampled 198 individuals from Gansu province and 69 ones from Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region. Methods SNaPshot Multi-analysis Kit was used to differentiate the 27-plex SNPs from the selected individuals, having obtained the genotypic and allelic frequencies together with the other related genetic information. Ancestry information was traced by the software Structure 2.3.4 so that the principal component analysis was thereby conducted along with the phylogenetic tree depiction. Results Apart from only 4 Dongxiang-ethnic individuals from Gansu showing less than 50% of the East-Asian component, the rest 263 ones are mainly holding the East-Asian component as the principal, followed by the European component as the second, and the African's proportion being the lowest. The phylogenetic tree demonstrated that China's Dongxiang-ethnic populations are among the same clade with other East-Asian populations though the two region-different Dongxiang-ethnic groups have yet been clustered into each independent branch, which is supported by principal component analysis. Conclusions That China's Dongxiang-ethnic population can be grouped into its East-Asian's kin is consistent with the previous studies from linguistics, history and biology although further investigation is still needed for some individuals to manifest their higher European component. In conclusion, it is feasible and reliable to use the 27-plex continental ancestry-informative SNPs system to infer the ancestral information of China's Dongxiang-ethnic population.
  • Fingerprint Image Enhancement Based on Image Interpolation
    HAN Ke, LI Xiaojun, WANG Xueli
    Forensic Science And Technology. 2019, 44(2): 122-125. https://doi.org/10.16467/j.1008-3650.2019.02.007
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    Objective An approach is here proposed for fingerprint image enhancement based on image interpolation. Methods The resolution-low fingerprint image was respectively disposed with three common methods of image interpolation, i.e., the nearest neighborhood interpolation, bi-linear interpolation and bi-cubic interpolation. The resultant fingerprint image was assessed of its enhancing effect. Results Among the three interpolation methods to enhance the fingerprint image of low resolution, the nearest neighborhood choice is of worst competence, yet the bi-linear being better and the bi-cubic option best, meanwhile their computation complexity is also in the order from lowest to most perplexing through the nearest neighborhood handling via bi-linear to bi-cubic disposing. Conclusion The approach by the bi-cubic interpolation manipulation can preferentially enhance the fingerprint images of low resolution.
  • Determining Hypertension-resistant Drugs in Bloodstains by UPLC- MS
    LI Xintong, ZHANG Yunfeng, YANG Yu, HUANG Jian, CHANG Jing, YU Zhongshan
    Forensic Science And Technology. 2019, 44(2): 126-131. https://doi.org/10.16467/j.1008-3650.2019.02.008
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    Objective For rapid screening of three-kind hypertension-resistant drugs of calcium channel blockers (nimodipine, nifedipine and felodipine) in bloodstains on non-permeable and/or permeable objects, a method was established by ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) so that a theoretic foundation can be built up for depicting the donors of bloodstains from criminal cases. Methods The blank venous blood was spiked and dried onto one glass slide (representing the non-permeable object), with the so-prepared bloodstain being wiped by cotton swab. The filter paper, representing the permeable object, was similarly stained with the spiked blood, then having been clipped into pieces. The bloodstain samples (the wiped cotton-swabs or clipped filter pieces) were extracted by methanol, with the supernatant being detected by UPLC-MS/MS which was run with the mobile phase of acetonitrile - formic acid (0.1%) solution flowing through a phase-reversed column of ACQUITY UPLC®HSS T3 (2.1×50 mm, 1.8 μm), and taken of electrospray ionization multiple reaction detection mode (MRM) for mass spectrometry. Results The correlation coefficients (R2) were more than 0.9915 among 5~1000 μg/L, with the detection limits between 0.1 and 0.2 μg/L, and the concentration levels being 10, 100 and 500 μg/L, respectively. The recovery was 68.5%~90.7% and the relative standard deviation was between 2.0% and 15.0%. Conclusion This method can be used onto a variety of objects carrying the bloodstains that contained the three kinds of hypertension-resistant drugs of calcium channel blockers (nimodipine, nifedipine and felodipine).
  • Detecting Synthetic Cannabinoids in Novel Drugs by HPLC-MS
    XU Xiuming
    Forensic Science And Technology. 2019, 44(2): 132-135. https://doi.org/10.16467/j.1008-3650.2019.02.009
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    Objective To establish a method for detecting synthetic cannabinoids in novel drugs by high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS). Methods The samples were extracted by methanol with ultrasound and then centrifuged, having left the supernatant to be filtered through the 0.22μm membrane. The filtrate was separated through an Agilent Poroshell 120 EC-C 18 (4.6×100mm, 2.7μm) column (insetting into Agilent 1200 infinity LC apparatus) by a gradient elution at a flow rate of 0.6 mL/min running with the mobile phase of hydro-acetonitrile solvent containing 0.1% formic acid. ESI(+), combining with the dynamic MRM mode, was used to detect the eluted synthetic cannabinoids. Results Eight common synthetic cannabinoids were carried out of their qualitative and quantitative analysis, all showing a good linear relationship in the range of 0.5-500ng/mL and the low detection limit ranging among 0.01-0.1ng/mL. The RSDs of intra- and inter-day were less than 3.05% and 5%, respectively. Conclusions The method presented here is rapid, sensitive and accurate, suitable for the identification of synthetic cannabinoids in novel drugs involving into narcotic-abusing cases.
  • Determination of γ-GHB in Liquid Sample by GC/MS-MS
    LIANG Lijun, XUE Jinfeng, TIAN Linlin, SHEN Lei, LIU Mingming
    Forensic Science And Technology. 2019, 44(2): 136-139. https://doi.org/10.16467/j.1008-3650.2019.02.010
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    Objective To establish a method for determination of gamma-hydroxybutyric acid (γ-GHB) in liquid sample by gas chromatography-triple quadrupole tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS). Methods With GHB-d6 as the internal standard, the liquid sample was extracted with ethyl acetate and then derived with BSTFA. The analyte was determined through multiple reaction monitoring mode (MRM). Results The calibration curve of GHB in urine and blood showed good linearity in the range of 0.1 - 5.0μg/mL (R2≥0.998), while being among 1.0 - 25.0μg/mL (R2≥0.999) in beverage. The relative recoveries were from 88.2% to 102.1%, with the precisions less than 10% and the limit of detection at 0.005μg/mL (S/N≥). Conclusion The method is high sensitive, simple, rapid, specific and reliability-high, capable of providing technical support and basic data for cases involving GHB.
  • Determining Urine-contained Drugs and Metabolites by Exactive Orbitrap LC/MS
    CUI Junfeng, XU Junjie, LIU Yao, LI Chentao
    Forensic Science And Technology. 2019, 44(2): 140-143. https://doi.org/10.16467/j.1008-3650.2019.02.011
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    Objective To establish a simple and convenient method for determining the urine-contained drugs and metabolites by ultra-high resolution liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Methods Without special pretreatment, the sample was passed through a nylon filter (diameter of 25mm, pore size of 0.22μm), leaving the filtrate to inject into the apparatus directly. Thermo Hypersil Aq (100mm×2.1mm), the chromatographic column insetting into the Exactive Orbitrap LC/MS, was flowed at 0.2mL/min with the gradient-eluting mobile phase of 0.1% formic acid/hydro-methanol. The column temperature was set at 25℃, and HESI selected as the ion source monitored in the positive ion mode. Results Good linearity was shown from methamphetamine, morphine, codeine, heroin, ketamine, amphetamine and monoacetylmorphine in the range of 1.0~200μg/L (r>0.9941). The recovery was 96.5%~104.1%. Intra- and inter-day RSDs were less than 5.66%. Conclusion The method is simple and reliable, capable of rapid detection of urine-contained drugs and metabolites.
    • Reviews
  • Prospect on Development and Application of Forensic-purposed Geographic Information Marking System
    SUN Zhenwen, ZHU Jun, QIAO Ting, ZHANG Guannan, MA Hongwang
    Forensic Science And Technology. 2019, 44(2): 144-148. https://doi.org/10.16467/j.1008-3650.2019.02.012
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    Geographic information system (GIS), boasting of the advantages of high data fusion, precise geographical location, smart mutual communication and visualization, has therefore been widely applied into community security, firefighting, traffic commanding, emergency handling, real-time monitoring and major disaster management and response, thus having provided various important decision-making with efficient and scientific assistance. However, the forensic application of GIS and court proceeding is still expected. With overview of the status quo about the forensic geological database home and abroad, the research and development of forensic-purposed geographic information marking system (FGIMS) are here introduced from the perspectives of overall framework, function module design, database construction, scheme planning and development mode. Finally, the prospect is analyzed of FGIMS potential application.
  • Review on Common Methods of Rapid Detection for Food Safety
    ZHANG Hongge, CUI Guanfeng, YANG Ruiqin, WANG Fanglin
    Forensic Science And Technology. 2019, 44(2): 149-154. https://doi.org/10.16467/j.1008-3650.2019.02.013
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    Food-safety rapid detection is of great significance for safeguarding food safety. Traditional instrument-analytic methods are complex, difficult to meet the requirements for rapid detection. Therefore, it is urgent to develop the food-safety rapid detection technology into researches and applications. In this paper, a review was made on four kinds of common methods for rapid detection of food safety, i.e., the chemical colorimetry, enzyme inhibition, immunoassay, bio-sensors, along with their applications. Besides, the principles and characteristics of those methods mentioned above were explained, with the latest research progress being summarized and discussed of the development direction of relevant methods.
  • Copeptin Applying in Forensic Pathological Diagnosis of Sudden Cardiac Death Caused by Acute Myocardial Infarction
    WANG Daixin, ZHANG Youyou, ZHANG Shunping, WAN Jia, HUANG Wanqi, ZHOU Xiaowei
    Forensic Science And Technology. 2019, 44(2): 155-158. https://doi.org/10.16467/j.1008-3650.2019.02.014
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    Sudden death is a serious syndrome, threating to human life and health, thus having received high attention in clinical practice and forensic identification. As the commonest type of sudden death, sudden cardiac death has long been focused in the forensic pathology identification and research. Acute myocardial ischemia is the most crucial cause of sudden death due to sudden cardiac death. Therefore, how to define the early acute myocardial ischemia is a hotspot in forensic research, also a key pivot in clinical prevention against myocardial infarction. This article reviews about copeptin of its structure, physiological and pathological roles, clinical diagnostic value and forensic applicable prospects, aiming to analyze whether it can be used as an indicator of early myocardial ischemia for sudden cardiac death, and provide reference for further study on pathophysiological mechanism of sudden death.
    • Forum
  • Fidelity of Batch-tested DNA Samples for Database Enrollment
    YAO Yiren, BAI Xue, YU Zhengliang, SHANG Lei, DING Guangshu, WANG Xi, LI Wanshui
    Forensic Science And Technology. 2019, 44(2): 159-161. https://doi.org/10.16467/j.1008-3650.2019.02.015
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    Batch-tested DNA samples enrolled into database are important for China National DNA database to maintain and develop. The relevant testing process is characteristic of large scale and standardization, usually different from the testing of case samples in one routine forensic DNA lab. Based on the experience of long-time DNA testing of such kind and borrowing the concept of assembly-production line, this paper summarizes a series of quality-control measures about the relevant manipulations so that the sample-enrolled DNA database can assure its fidelity, with some references being also provided for setting up one systematic test standard and a relevant procedure.
    • Research and Discussion
  • Crime Scene Analysis from Spatio-temporal State Left with the Transferred-and-placed Victim's Corpse
    NI Weiyong, SUN Haiping
    Forensic Science And Technology. 2019, 44(2): 162-165. https://doi.org/10.16467/j.1008-3650.2019.02.016
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    Based on the actual cases and relevant literatures, the spatio-temporal state of the transferred-and-placed victim's corpse was analyzed into its value for investigation of homicidal crime scene. The purpose and motivation for shifting corpse may be inferred from the specific space that was occupied by the corpse when combined with the crime-occurring time and contradiction against the death time. The tools for removing corpse and amount of the suspects may be deduced from the geographical location, road conditions, topography, packaging, clothes and attachments that the corpse exposed. If the spaces' inter-relation was ascertained among various corpse-discarded sites in one or serial case(s), the murder scene (or body-dismantling site) could be judged by geographic profiling, together with the definition of whereabouts the criminal was present. Accordingly, the possible positions were also able to estimate about the hidden parts of the dismantled corpse.
  • Perspective on Combating against Currency Counterfeiting in European Union
    QI Fengliang, ZOU Jixin, WANG Weixin, LI Shifeng, SHI Gaojun, LIU Guanhua
    Forensic Science And Technology. 2019, 44(2): 166-170. https://doi.org/10.16467/j.1008-3650.2019.02.017
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    As an important proof and achievement of European integration, Euro has become the official and single currency in the so-called Euro zone, which consists of 19 countries among the 28 EU (European Union) states, since the physical Euro banknotes and coins flowed into circulation on January 1, 2002. Euro is the second most important global currency after the US dollar. At the end of the year 2016, the total value of circulating Euro is more than 1,200 billion. Presently, Euro is being used with 340 million people in the Euro zone and 150 million in the other countries. As a stable global currency of low inflation rate, Euro certainly allures counterfeiters to fabricate, causing about 30 - 40 million of counterfeit Euro to be withdrawn from the circulation each year since 2003. Ever since its birth, Euro has been protected with various security precautions by EU through the enhanced anti-fake technologies. More essentially, EU has implemented measures of legislation, organization and mechanism construction to strengthen the Euro protection. The European Commission is responsible for stipulating Euro protection policies; organizing and coordinating among European central bank, each member states' central banks, Europol, Interpol and other national law-enforcing agencies, so as to jointly crack down on Euro-counterfeiting crimes. This paper introduces of EU about the status quo of currency-counterfeiting crime, the agencies of anti-counterfeiting currency and legislation, and the inspiration for our country to fight against the counterfeiting currency crimes.
  • Effect of Applying AutoCAD into Drawing Family Pedigree on Y-STR Database Construction
    SUN Heng, LI Deqiang, YANG Shubo, LIU Xiaomin, SHU Rongli, ZHONG Jianjun
    Forensic Science And Technology. 2019, 44(2): 171-174. https://doi.org/10.16467/j.1008-3650.2019.02.018
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    It is an important way for public security organs to use Y-STR data to carry out family survey so that the investigation scope can be narrowed and involving cases solved quickly. Nevertheless, the fulfillment of the above task relies on establishing a high-quality Y-STR database which construction is vice versa heavily based on the family survey, an onerous fundamental project. Therefore, an innovation was here reported by AutoCAD software to solve the problem of drawing family pedigree , thus making the family survey more efficient and convenient, enhancing the Y-STR database construction smoother and application better.
    • Technical Notes
  • Performance for SureID® Compass Kit Synchronizing Amplification of Autosomal and Y Chromosomal STRs
    TIAN Fang, WANG Xu, WANG Shunxia, ZHANG Qingxia, JIAO Zhangping, LU Zhiyong
    Forensic Science And Technology. 2019, 44(2): 175-179. https://doi.org/10.16467/j.1008-3650.2019.02.019
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    Objective To test the technical parameters of SureID® Compass Amplification Kit by establishing an adaptive performance testing procedure. Methods The kit was validated with the selected adaptive DNA reference materials on the items of sensitivity, mixed samples, species specificity, adaptability, survivability, consistency, peak height balance and stability. Results SureID®Compass Kit is adaptive to the mixed, degraded and inhibited samples, shown of high sensitivity. It is also appropriate with the items of species specificity, adaptability and peak height balance. The selected DNA reference materials are suitable to this test and the kit. Conclusions The performance-testing procedure established here is applicable to verify an eligible kit for its synchronizing amplification of autosomal and Y chromosomal STRs.
  • Analysis of Trace Evidence into Solving a High Falling Case
    HU Can, MEI Hongcheng, ZHU Jun, GUO Hongling, SUN Zhenwen, TAO Keming, QUAN Yangke
    Forensic Science And Technology. 2019, 44(2): 180-182. https://doi.org/10.16467/j.1008-3650.2019.02.020
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    High falling case is of attentive concern by the society and public once its occurrence. Such cases can be divided into three types according to the nature, i.e., the suicidal, homicidal and accidental. A huge challenge often exerts on distinguishing the types of high falling case because of the small difference between them. Various scientific disciplines should be hence combined to carefully and roundly investigate and detect the high falling case so that an accurate judgment would be obtained of the relevant case. Presently, attentions are mainly paid on forensic medicine and marks for the investigation and determination of high falling case, leaving the role of trace evidence to be ignored. With the development of relating technologies, trace evidence can also play an important role in the analysis of high falling case. In this paper, the role of trace evidence was discussed on the analysis of high falling case from a real case, in purpose to provide some reference for the investigation and inspection of related cases.
  • Technical Optimization into Photographing Traffic Accident's Scene Based on Panoramic Photography
    ZHANG Yu, YANG Luhao
    Forensic Science And Technology. 2019, 44(2): 183-185. https://doi.org/10.16467/j.1008-3650.2019.02.021
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    Among the azimuth-and-outline photographing technology for scene investigation of road traffic accident, both the rotary continuous photographing and straight-line consecutive one are the best shooting approaches to either reflect the full view of accident scene or present the relationship between the main body of accident and the various traces of physical evidence. By analyzing such problems as the cumbersome operational procedures, high requirements, time-consuming and the other related that exist in the practical photographing with the above two methods, this essay puts forward that the azimuth-and-outline photography can be optimized with either one panoramic camera or a mobile phone's function of taking whole scene. Additionally, the likely emerging problems are analyzed of their solutions, together with an exploration of the relevant standards and norms about specification for selected forensic photographing equipment. Accordingly, the modification advice has been suggested for the rules on “technical requirements of forensic photographing equipment”, “photography for scene investigation” and “photographing for road traffic accident scene”.
  • Injury-disease Relationship of Renal Rupture Complicated with Severe Hydronephrosis
    TANG Jiaquan, ZHAN Guang
    Forensic Science And Technology. 2019, 44(2): 186-188. https://doi.org/10.16467/j.1008-3650.2019.02.022
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    Objective To put forward a new analytical idea on the relationship between injury and disease when occurrence was befallen into renal rupture complicated with severe hydronephrosis. Methods Based on one case of its investigation materials and complete medical records, the causal relationship was judged between injury and disease under the relevant identification criteria. Results Increased intra-renal tension will lead to thinning of the renal parenchyma in patients of severe hydronephrosis so that a slight external force can even cause the kidney to rupture. Disease is the main factor leading to rupture, with the secondary one from a slight external force that is therefore difficult by it to assess the degree of injury. Conclusion Complete information and materials must be collected for analysis of the relationship between injury and disease, especially on the external force about its strength magnitude. Appropriate imaging studies are necessary. Only could an objective analysis be carried out about the relationship between injury and disease after the ascertainment of the patient's condition and trauma degree.

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