Objective To explore the distinctions of image signs between old and fresh nasal osteal fractures. Methods A total of 34 cases were retrospectively analyzed of nasal injuries identified in our institute during the year of 2015. Referenced with the clinical symptoms and typical images of nasal fractures, the differences were statistically compared and analyzed between the old and fresh fractures of nasal bone. Results There were statistical differences between the two sets of data about nasal soft tissue swelling, nose bleeding, nasal mucosal swelling, fracture-end imaging characteristics and dynamic imaging change. Conclusion Attention must be paid into the combination of the multiple factors of clinical data and imaging manifestations so that the identification deviation can be avoided upon old and fresh nasal osteal fractures, thereby insuring the objectivity and accuracy of the appraisal conclusion.

目的为了探讨耻骨性别判定的更为简便可靠的方法。方法对96副已知生前确切性别的耻骨进行了性别差异的研究,其中男性耻骨73副,女性耻骨23副。测量项目有:缘枝角,耻骨宽,耻骨联合面的高及厚。结果将耻骨的测量数据输入电脑,用SPSS软件,对耻骨的测量数据进行了统计分析,建立了耻骨性别判定的判别方程。结论其性别判别率最高可达95.5%,该方法可以用于法医学实践。

Objective Rib fracture is a common injury in clinical forensic identification. According to the current injury degree and disability grade identification standard, different counts of rib fracture will result in different identification of injury degree and disability grade. The theoretic exploration of identification time of rib fracture can give an appropriate identification time for forensic clinical identification staff and avoid missed diagnosis or mistakes. Methods A retrospective study of 40 injury cases involved in rib fracture from 2011 to 2013 in Lishui was conducted. Chest multi-slice CT scanning was performed right immediately, and 2, 4, 6 weeks after injury, respectively. The correlation between the CT findings and timing was studied. The count and location of rib fracture were calculated for each CT examination. The missed diagnosis cases were classified. Bone fractures associated with both fracture line and callus growth and bone fracture with callus growth only in CT scanning were differentiated. The reason for the change of rib fracture count was analyzed. Results Of the 40 cases, 14 and 26 cases showed no changes and an increase in rib fracture sites, respectively. In the newly found 87 rib fractures by reexamination, 62% of them (54) were anterior to the anterior axillary line, 25%(22) were between the anterior axillary line and the posterior axillary line, 17%(11) were posterior to the posterior axillary line. Fracture lines and callus growth could be seen in 69 of the 87 rib fractures. All of them were incomplete fractures, which manifested as mild local interrupted bone cortex in the internal or external sites of ribs. Only local callus growth without obvious fracture lines could be seen in the other 18 fracture sites, which all located on the 2~7 anterior ribs. The count of rib fracture increased in 26 patients with CT scanning in 2 and 4 weeks following injury, while it tended to be steady after 4 weeks. Conclusions Fracture healing can be divided into three stages, including organization of hematoma stage, porotic stage and callus remodeling stage. In the early stage of rib fracture, the fracture line becomes more obvious by the breathing movement, organization of hematoma and the process of osteoclast eliminating the dead bone. But rib fracture may be missed diagnosis because of the unobvious fracture line in the early stage after injury. Rarefaction of bone and thin of bone cortex are main factors which is caused by the old age or the position of anterior rib to make the fracture line unobvious to display in CT images. As the repairing of fracture and calcium deposition in the callus, a gradual increase in density can be found in CT scanning. The direction of the fracture line close to the axle of the CT scanning could cause missed diagnosis of the hairlike fracture line. The thickness of layer over 1mm of CPR and MPR images would easily cause missed diagnosis. Our study shows that injury degree identification followed by CT examination in 4 weeks after injury in individuals with rib fractures is recommended because rib fracture site could be confirmed by callus growth. Missed diagnosis or mistakes can effectively be avoided in this way.

The fractural injurers are often met in the identification of injury degree, usually requiring forensic examiners identify and think the relationship between the injury and diseases the injurers suffered, e.g., osteoporosis. However, there is no standard and requirements to evaluate this relationship in the present appraisal norm, thus prone to cause petition and complaint such that the judicial proceedings involving with case-filing, investigation and trial cannot carry through smoothly. Bone mineral density (BMD) is the mineral content in per unit volume (size) of the bone, an important indicator of the bone quality reflecting the degree of osteoporosis. BMD is crucial to predict fracture risk, able to help the relationship analysis between injury and disease for clinical forensics to provide a more objective and scientific basis for justice. Aiming to the fact that there is no effective method to apply BMD into analyzing the relationship between injury and disease until present, this paper summarizes the measurement methods of BMD, the threshold on judging fracture and the relevant forensic applications, hoping to offer some references for forensic colleagues.

Objective To investigate the applicability of calculating the lung’s compression for providing a new idea on measuring the compressed lung after pneumothorax by using Mimics, a highly integrative and easy-to-use software producing and compiling 3D image through a medical imaging interactive controlling system, to reconstruct the lung tissue from pneumothorax. Methods CT DICOM images from scanning a pneumothorax patient’s chest, were imported into Mimics system so that the affected thoracic cavity and the compressed lung were restored and calculated of their capacity along with the compression degree. Results With data processing, image segmenting and editing plus other necessary means, a lung tissue model was set up of both high geometric similarity and structural integrity. Condusions The three-dimensional reconstruction of lung tissue after pneumothorax is able to carry out by Mimics software, with the lung’s compression degree capable of being measured and calculated, thus bringing birth of a new idea on calculating the compression degree of the lung suffered with pneumothorax.

The traditional method to calculate age by observing the pubic symphysis requires the investigator to import obtained variable value into equation one by one, therefore relatively time-consuming and prone to miscalculation. A simple and convenient approach is introduced for age estimation of pubic symphysis using Excel. There are three steps. Firstly, the equation of quantitative theory Ι and that of stepwise multiple regression are implanted into Excel. Secondly, LOOKUP and SUM formulas in Excel are used for data processing. And thirdly, Excel table is converted into a specific format where the pubic symphysis age will come up after “morphological changes” is simply clicked sequentially. This method is relatively simple, quick and prone to few errors.

过去,人们通常是用观察人骨的骨化点、骨骺的愈合、牙齿的萌生、牙髓腔的形变态化、颅骨缝的愈合等方法推测年龄的。利用耻骨联合面的形态变化特征推测年龄,国内报导较少。现将我们对143例耻骨联合面的观察研究结果报导如下,仅供参考。

Objective To identify the type of guns and shooting distance by comparing the morphological differences of the entrance and exit on simulated human skull shot with QSZ92 pistol and police revolver. Methods Simulated human skulls were shot from the same distance by the above indicated two pistols with 9mm bullets. Results When shooting at a 2.5-meter distance, QSZ92 can make the hardness-strong skull model being shattered. But for the hardness-moderate skull model, no shattering occurred by the two indicated guns to operate under same condition. The size and shape of entrance made by the two pistols were similar yet smaller than those of their each respective exit. Whereas, for the exit, the QSZ92 made a larger one than the revolver, causing the local outer plate of skull model to crack into a width-smaller inclining plane and producing more skull fragments to burst apart and fall. Conclusion By observing the shape of bullet holes on the simulated human skull model and comparing the bullet-shooting entrance and exit, QSZ92 can be distinguished from the revolver. Besides, the materials and method used here can basically meet Some needs for investigative experiment of gunshot wound formation on skull.

In this article, the methods for age estimation from pubic symphysis were reviewed and the research trends were analyzed.

Objective To develop a forensic DNA-purposed bone sampling equipment that is capable of integrating the ultraviolet sterilization, electricity-driven sampling and quick sample collection into one single apparatus. Methods The apparatus’s model was designed and made into a finished product by which the regular course of forensic DNA-purposed bone sampling was performed in parallel with the human manual operation. Both the apparatus’s handling and human operation were compared in the items of sampling amount, consumed time, digestion effect and DNA profiling of STR. Results With the integration of functional modules (ones of vertical sampling, horizontal transportation, sample collection, illumination plus sterilization and the electric controlling), the developed equipment has successfully achieved the STR typing without difference from real person’s operation, yet even demonstrating shorter sampling time and easier digestion of DNA material. Conclusion The developed forensic DNA-purposed bone sampling equipment is totally able to meet the practical requirements for DNA analysis by supplying the high-quality bone DNA sample, showing itself a good prospect.

The human identification from auricular surface of ilium is one the important research contents of forensic science and physical anthropology．The methods of sex estimation，age estimation，and stature estimation with auricular surface of ilium are simple and accurate．This paper summarizes the articles about the human identification with auricular surface of iliurIL The method is useful for human identification of forensic anthropology．

Cervical vertebra injury (CVI) is sometimes examined into the involving cadaver by forensic coroner. MSCT (multi-slice spiral computed tomography), being commonly utilized with clinical diagnosis about CVI, is attaching more and more importance to forensic examination of corpse. Here, the requirements were discussed for postmortem examination to use MSCT into CVI, with the relevant methods being sought for the cadavers suspicious of CVI. Through MSCT examination into the cervical vertebrae cut from a corpse that was suspected of CVI, the tiny cervical vertebral fractures had been quickly and accurately displayed together with their spatial distribution, thus the way of injuring the victim was determined easily. MSCT examination does bring forward a good solution targeting against the problems of time-consuming and laboriousness, proneness to miss diagnosis and misdiagnosis in traditional autopsy.

Domestic and foreign researches have shown that the morphological character of sternum has strong connections with sex. The sternum length, gladiolus size, manubrium cubic shape and sternum dimension were often used as indicators of sex, but it is still disputable to identify sex with the index of sternum. Therefore, to establish an equation of differentiating sex is considerable based upon selecting the high credible elements indicated above so as to define a threshold value for identifying sex and achieve higher accuracy. Present data, home and abroad, demonstrates that the accuracy of sex identification with the morphology of sternum is greater than 90 percent. The manual measurement of the sternum length is the main method to acquire relative values, which is time-consuming and laborious, easily affected by operators. New medical imaging technology, for example, the multi-layer spiral computed tomography, is bringing new resort to identify sex through sternum, convenient to handle and operate. More accurate and accessible data will be acquired by 3D reconstruction imaging combined with multiplanar reconstruction, X-ray photographing and CT scanning. This paper summarizes the relevant reference on sternum morphology of different sex, and especially focuses on the forensic data of assistance in the individual identification, hoping to shed light on the study of 3D reconstruction imaging of sternum morphology and improve the innovation of method for individual identification by sternum.

判断无名尸骨的年龄,一直是法医学的研究课题之一。目前常用的根据颅骨缝愈合、牙齿磨损、骨骺愈合、牙髓腔年龄变化等判断死者年龄的方法,有时差距较大。我们参照埴原和郎关于日本男性耻骨年龄变化的资料,搜集了127例不同性别、年龄的耻骨标本,通过无名尸体实例的验证,用耻骨联合面判断年龄的方法,可以取得满意的结果。

尸体白骨化的时间推断,是法医工作的重要内容,国内外法医著作对此均有描述,但其内容不能满足法医工作的实际需要,如何快速准确地对尸体白骨化的时间进行推断,国内外学者都在进行探讨,现将近年来国内外学者的有关研究结果综述如下.1 观察形态变化确定白骨化时间根据国内外学者有关尸体白骨化时间的研究报告,将不同环境、不同季节的尸体由腐败到白骨化过程变化规律与时间的关系,归纳如下(见表1).

In　this article macro and micromorphological features of the burned bone, the relationship between the burned bone's morphological characteristics and influencing factors, the difference between heatinduced fractures and traumatic fractures were summarized.

Acromial end and medial side of clavicle changes with age in some regularity. Especially the ossification status of the medial clavicular epiphysis is of great value for forensic age estimation less than 30 years. Domestic and foreign forensic anthropologists have performed a large number of studies on gross anatomy and imaging characteristics of collarbone and accumulated a wealth of research and applied basic. The application of CT and MRI and other new imaging technologies is expected to improve the accuracy of clavicle age estimation.

Human identification by small bone fragments is the active field in forensic an thropology with the method of bone histologyforensic bone histology. The fore nsic bone histology consisted of two parts in forensic anthropology. 1. The bone fragments are belong to human being or belong to any kind of animals , the research including bone histological characters of human being and animals . 2. The bone histological study of human being included the age estimation for human being identification with the humerus, femur, tibia and clavicle, and the method evaluation for bone histological age estimation.

In recent years ，more and more foreigners are coming to China ，and the determination of the skull race of an unknown individual has become the problem for the forensic anthropologists ．However ，very few investigations in this field have been made in our country ．This thesis gives a general review of domestic and overseas research on this topic ．It offers some reference for further study ．

机体死后会发生一系列的改变，是腐败的过程，也是器官组织细胞自溶的过程。在司法实践中，通过研究肝脏死后改变，可以更准确的推断死亡时间，为案件的侦破提供线索。本文综述了近几十年来，利用肝脏死后变化推断死亡时间的研究进展。

为找到一种仅以耻骨作为鉴定依据,且适用于黄色人种的简单明确的性别鉴定方法,我们曾对100例耻骨进行分析,现将结果报导如下:一、材料及处理100例耻骨均取自尸体解剖,属黄色人种,且有确实的性别、年龄、籍贯、身长、体格及健康状况记载。

The good parts of observation is articulations manus and genus for the bone age evaluation in teenagers with Xray plates and the methods of bone age estimat io n were the subjective and errors at random. The objective and accurate methods o f bone age estimation will be constructed with the application of computerized medical imaging and graphics and intellectual technique. The bone age estimation used the sternum, clavicle and pubic bone in adult and the methods need deeply research for better bone age estimated result. This article the prese nt situation and research progress of bone age estimation with Xray plate were summarized.

通过对1116周岁女性及1320周岁男性青少年左侧肩、肘、腕、髋、膝、踝关节拍摄X线片,进行了青少年的骨龄研究。根据骨骼生长发育的特点,提出了各大关节X线片判定骨龄的观察指标及分级标准,并使用SPSS软件包进行数据处理,建立了青少年利用6大关节骨骺愈合程度判定女性是否已满14周岁、男性是否已满16周岁或18周岁的判别分析方程。

In this paper, the injury mode of skull fracture was biomechanically analyzed with the finite element method so that the related injury mechanism was to deduce for exploration about an auxiliary technology that is helpful for visual and quantifiable appraisal into injury mode. For an actual case, the finite element method was used to simulate and compare the stress distribution on the skull befallen by high falling and hollow steel pipe hitting: 1) when high falling, the stress distribution on the left top of the head of THUMS4.02 (Total Human Model for Safety4.02, an imitated human figure) that was touching down onto the ground at a speed of 8.04 m/s; 2) when hollow steel pipe hitting, the stress distribution on the left top of the head of the model that was being hinted at a speed of 5.8 m/s. The simulation results were compared against the case circumstance to analyze the injury mode of skull fracture from the perspective of biomechanics. The results show that the stress program showed that the stress had just started from the part where the skull was at touching the ground during a high falling. The stress was transmitted outward with the collapse of the skull until the final formation of a circular stress area. In contrast, the hollow steel pipe hitting made the stress first distributed at the touched area between the steel pipe and the head-on occurrence of striking, leaving the stress distribution showing not obvious in the central area/point. Combined with the actual case of the concave shape-conical fracture on the left parietal bone, the force was indicated to be pushed towards the center of the circle and inward further. Therefore, the comprehensive analysis suggested that the left parietal concave fracture was formed from falling. At the same time, the conclusion obtained through the finite element method simulation was understood and accepted by the deceased's family when the injury formation was explained to them. The nodule area on the top of the skull, being the most prominent, makes it able first to touch (actively or passively) an approaching plane object (if any), resulting in an inward concave deformation and, finally, a conical fracture. The finite element method can afford a visual and quantitative analysis for the injury mode of concave/depressed skull fracture, which is a good auxiliary tool for similar forensic injury analysis.

Objective To explore the racial difference of mandibula．Methods 18 measurements are sleeted tO carry on the independent-sample T test and Fisher’S discriminant analysis by SPSS．Results 6 measurements have statistical significance (P<O．05)．Then 6 pairs discriminant equations were found including the whole variables’discriminant equation，the stepwise dis—criminant and muti-variabes’discriminant equations．Conclusion The racial difference of mandibula can be helpful to the race determination．

本文主要通过对胫骨长度的统计,应用切比雪夫曲线拟合方法,结合计算机进行程序设计,从而求出胫骨与身高之间的多项关系式.

Objective To identify an osseous sample from one case scene for the ascertainment of its species. Methods The bone sample was extracted through the method of magnetic beads, with the collected DNA being amplified via both the forensic identification Kit AGCU Expressmarker22 and the kit for species identification of meat-kind source. Therefore, AGCU swine-oriented identification kit was finally chosen to retest the DNA with real-time PCR of fluorescent quantification. Results The bone sample was detected of no amplified peaks of any locus relating to the AGCU Expressmarker22 amplification kit, yet having been ascertained of pork origin by the kit for species identification of meat-kind source, thus eventually confirmed as pig's through the real-time PCR by AGCU swine-oriented identification kit. Conclusion The bone sample was identified of swine.

Objective To establish a fast and effective method using FTA card to both collect and preserve costicartilage tissue. Methods FTA card was adopted to collect the homogenized costicartilage suspension so that the costicartilage tissue was adsorbed onto it. From the FTA cards with which costicartilage tissue was just collected or the collection finished and successively sealed into vacuum evidential material bags for two years at room temperature, STR typing was respectively carried out through direct amplification. Results The costicartilage-carrying FTA cards provided complete STR genotyping profiles with direct amplification, revealing a detection rate of 93.0% from 158 samples. Effective detection was also obtained of the costicartilage tissue preserved on the FTA cards (the stored 147 pieces) for two years at room temperature, exhibiting 100% detection rate of STR genotyping without allelic dropout. Conclusions This method is able to leave the tedious DNA extraction from costicartilage material to the direct amplification, thereby having surmounted the problem that costicartilage is difficult to preserve at room temperature.

目的通过对桡骨的测量,使用Fisher判别分析方法,建立了中国人桡骨性别判定的判别方程。方法本研究共测量了来自全国九省区的已知生前确切性别的210个个体的左右侧桡骨,其中男性160例,女性50例,年龄范围18岁～76岁。测量指标共有8项,使用SPSS软件,进行了桡骨左、右侧及男女性别间测量数据差异的t检验。根据对测量数据左、右侧及男女性别的检验,将差异不显著的测量项目剔除,建立了左、右侧桡骨性别判定的方程。结果单一测量指标的性别判定方程,除性别差异不显著的测量项目颈干角之外,性别判别率为57.7%～92.3%,桡骨长度测量指标的性别判别率为82.4%～88.5%,桡骨中段测量指标的性别判别率为77.8%～91.7%。完整桡骨测量指标的性别判别率91.7%～99.5%。结论本研究建立的桡骨性别判定方法,性别判定准确率高,使用方便,为中国人桡骨的性别判定提供了科学依据。

综述了从断层图像重建颅骨三维表面的几个步骤:断层图像预处理,三维表面的构造方法及显示方法。

ObjectiveTo establish a method for estimating the bone fragments species, Methodhuman bone and animal bone samples were collected, the sections of the bones were made and observed with microscope (Olympus, HB20, 10X20) then the histological differences of the bones of human being was described.ResultThere were the different histological characters between human bone and animal bone in the outer and inner circumferential lamellae,interstitial lamellae ,osteons,bone lacuna.CodusionThe bone histological characters of human and animal can be used for distinguish the bones between human and animal in forensic practice.