15 June 2019, Volume 44 Issue 3
    

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    Reviews
  • Research Progress of Forensic Genealogy Analysis
    LIU Jing, JI Anquan, LI Caixia, WANG Guiqiang
    Forensic Science And Technology. 2019, 44(3): 189-194. https://doi.org/10.16467/j.1008-3650.2019.03.001
    Abstract ( ) Download PDF HTML   Knowledge map Save
    Forensic genealogy analysis can predict long-range family kinship (1-9) by calculating the length of two co-ancestral fragments (identity-by-descent, IBD) based on genome-wide SNP data. Using this technology, the US police had solved the “Golden State Killer” case happened 40 years before. The Science magazine nominated it as one of the world’s top ten scientific breakthroughs for the year of 2018. Compared with the traditional forensic STR family search and kinship matching, this technology is not just limited to identify the patrilineal but wider searching range, thus making it become one of the important solutions for case investigation, especially for cold cases. This paper reviews the principle and research progress of IBD analysis and the aspects needed to improve for future forensic practice in criminal investigation and judicial expertise.
  • Forensic Potential of Skin Microbial Community
    XIA Xuqian, NIU Qingshan
    Forensic Science And Technology. 2019, 44(3): 195-200. https://doi.org/10.16467/j.1008-3650.2019.03.002
    Abstract ( ) Download PDF HTML   Knowledge map Save
    Skin is the largest human organ, inhabited by diverse microbes, e.g., bacteria and fungi. Various individuals and even same person’s different dermal sites have their discrepant eco-environments, thus making their skin-associated microbial communities somewhat distinctive. From the researches into the diversity and variety of skin microbes, human dermal microbial communities are discovered host/site-specific and stable in certain duration of time although the skin is exposed to the external environment which to influence the relevant dermal microbiome. Therefore, the skin microbial community may play its role into forensic identification such as personal identity, individual’s characteristic depiction and death time. The skin microbiome may also be a means to link people, animals and/or objects with a specific location so that the crime scenes/locations can be clued or guessed. This review is to describe the characteristics of human skin microbial community and the involving researches, hoping to provide a reference for applicability of the skin microbial community into forensic practice.
  • Nano-Silica: Its Synthesis and Application Advances for Detecting Latent Fingermark
    CHEN Yutai, JIANG Hong, WANG Wenlong, WANG Yuanfeng
    Forensic Science And Technology. 2019, 44(3): 201-206. https://doi.org/10.16467/j.1008-3650.2019.03.003
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    Fingermark, an essential evidence for judicial identification, is widely used in daily life for individual recognition. Yet, the forensic-purposed conventional fingermark developing-reagent is of the deficiencies, e.g., inferior contrast, poor absorption capacity, deleteriousness to life health and environment, thereby having its forensic utilization limited. The nanomaterials for fingermark detection have many advantages such as emitting fluorescence, effectual affinity and high resolution, so as to make them a big hotspot for fingermark development in the latest twenty years. With the at-first review about the advances in fingermark development by nano-technique, this paper focused on the synthesis of silicon dioxide, one kind of nanoparticles, and its modification, concluding the application of nano-SiO2 in fingermark detection. Finally, the safety problems related to this technique were discussed, plus the reference being offered for further researches.
    • Research Articles
  • Verification of Composite DIP-STR Genetic Markers in Northeast China’s Han Population
    JIN Xin, XU Sixian, XIA Mingying, YANG Shuping, YIN Caiyong, LI Shilin
    Forensic Science And Technology. 2019, 44(3): 207-212. https://doi.org/10.16467/j.1008-3650.2019.03.004
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    Objective Establishing an appropriate composite amplification system of DIP-STR genetic markers to promote their application into practical cases through verifying them in the Han population of northeast China. Methods Based on the single-genetic marker amplification system designed by Diana Hall et al, a suitable composite amplification system of DIP-STR genetic markers was to build up and verify in the Han population of northeast China. Statistical analysis and calculation were carried out into the relevant data of allelic frequency, haplotype amount, observed heterozygosity and informative genotypes. Results The composite amplification system of DIP-STR genetic markers was successfully established. With the estimation of allelic frequencies through verification from 107 samples into the established composite amplification system, the selected 8 DIP-STR genetic markers had a high probability of informative genotype (I value). Conclusion The eight DIP-STR genetic markers and the involving composite amplification system have forensic applicability in the Han population of northeast China.
  • Green Synthesis of Magnetic Fluorescent Silver Nanoclusters for Visualizing Latent Fingerprints
    HUANG Rui, HE Yi
    Forensic Science And Technology. 2019, 44(3): 213-219. https://doi.org/10.16467/j.1008-3650.2019.03.005
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    Objective To prepare the multifunctional nanomaterial named GSH-AgNCs@PEI-Fe3O4 of visible fluorescence and excellent magnetic properties for unveiling latent fingermarks. Methods The negative-charge-bearing silver nanoparticles were prepared by glutathione used as the protectant and reducing agent, so were the functional magnetic nanoparticles bearing positive charges by polyethyleneimine used as modifier. The self-assembling is carried out to synthesize the multifunctional nanomaterial through electrostatic adsorption and coordination under the control of ultrasonic heating, leaving its properties to be studied. The latent fingermarks in different states were visualized with the composite powder from above-prepared nanomaterial, having their development compared. Results The so-prepared composite nanomaterials were of spherical and core-shell cladding structure with an average particle size of 141.2nm, excellent magnetic properties, and bright yellow fluorescence under emission wavelength of 560nm, capable of making the latent fingerprints developed into good visualization. Condusions GSH-AgNCs@PEI-Fe3O4 powders are able to develop latent sweat fingermarks in various states. The preparation of GSH-AgNCs@PEI-Fe3O4 powder is simple, low cost, high fluorescence efficiency, demonstrating the dual characteristics of nano-clusters and magnetic nanoparticles. Additionally, such a manipulation is also green, beneficial for environmental protection.
  • Rapid Screening of 58 Abused Drugs in Urine by UPLC-Q-TOF/MSE
    ZHANG Wenjing, ZHAO Meng, YANG Jingwei, WANG Zhaohong, LI Hong, XU Manman
    Forensic Science And Technology. 2019, 44(3): 219-223. https://doi.org/10.16467/j.1008-3650.2019.03.006
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    Objective To establish a method for rapid screening of 58 drugs in human urine by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-Q-TOF/MSE). Methods The spiked samples were pretreated by protein precipitation with methanol, thereby having the target compounds separated from Acquity UPLC HSS C18 column that was flowed through gradient elution of 0.1% formic acid-acetonitrile and 5mmol/L ammonium formate-water (pH=3) mixture, the mobile phase. The electrospray ionization in positive ion was used for analysis in full scanning mode (MSE). UNIFI software was selected to set up the database and to process samples. Results The limit of detection (LOD, 3S/N) for 58 drugs in human urine was in the range of 0.2~25.0ng/ml. The target compounds were all detected by the established database from UNIFI software. Condusions The method is accurate, simple and rapid, suitable for rapid screening of abused drugs in urine.
  • Determination of New Psychoactive Substances by Their Three-dimensional Fluorescence
    XU Buyi, JIANG Heping, HUANG Haodong, WANG Zhouli, WANG Yanjun
    Forensic Science And Technology. 2019, 44(3): 224-227. https://doi.org/10.16467/j.1008-3650.2019.03.007
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    New psychoactive substances (NPS) are increasing to be a grim problem with their synthesis and abuse. Here, three-dimensional fluorescent spectroscopy was proposed for rapid determination of four typical new psychoactive substances (2,5-dimethoxyphenethylamine or 2C-H, 3,4-methylenedioxy-N-methylcathinone or MDMC, methylenedioxypyrovalerone or MDPV, and ketamine). Results showed that the fluorescent characteristics of the interested substances were different, the peak maximal fluorescence intensity (λex/λem) appeared at 284/326, 282/430, 282/430 and 270/392nm for 2C-H, MDMC, MDPV and ketamine, respectively, with 2C-H being most sensitive yet ketamine lowest sensitivity. Deducted of the interference from the fluorescent substance in urine, the fluorescence signals of the interested NPS were extracted with parallel factor analysis (PARAFAC) into each three-dimensional fluorescence. The PARAFAC-resolved fluorescent spectra of the four typical NPS in urine were consistent with those of the standard reference materials, with the recoveries among the range of 91.3%~111.2%.
  • Applying Portable X-ray Fluorescent Spectrometer to Rapidly Detect the Plastic Components from Improvised Explosive Devices
    LIU Yachang, SUN Yuyou, ZHANG Jifeng, PAN Yanhui, SHEN Zhenyu
    Forensic Science And Technology. 2019, 44(3): 228-232. https://doi.org/10.16467/j.1008-3650.2019.03.008
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    Objective To develop a rapid on-site testing method based on elemental analysis for plastic components of improvised explosive devices (IED) involved in explosion cases. Methods The 51 plastic pieces, commonly used with IED, were determined of their elemental compositions through a portable X-ray fluorescent spectrometer, with the obtained data being classified by SPSS clustering analysis of Furthest Neighbor in combination of the approach for included angle’s cosine. Results With fast, accurate and non-destructive performance, the portable X-ray fluorescent spectrometer is able to detect the elemental compositions of plastic samples from IED so that the relating samples can be differentiated through the clustering analysis of the obtained data. Conclusion The here-developed method is useful for rapid on-site elemental determination and comparison of plastic evidential samples from IED employed in explosion cases.
  • Nondestructive Optical Methods to Visualize Latent Sweat Fingermarks on Mirror/CD-ROM Surfaces
    CHEN Hongyu, LIU Li
    Forensic Science And Technology. 2019, 44(3): 233-237. https://doi.org/10.16467/j.1008-3650.2019.03.009
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    Objective Selecting an optimal nondestructive optical method to detect latent sweat fingermarks deposited on mirror/CD-ROM surfaces. Methods From the items of ridges’ clarity and contrast between the ridges and background, a systematic comparison was conducted into the methods of dark field lighting, vertical orientating reflection and ultraviolet reflection for their visualizing the latent sweat fingermarks deposited on mirror/CD-ROM surfaces. Results The three methods can clearly visualize the latent sweat fingermarks on mirror/CD-ROM surfaces. Among them, the dark field lighting is optimal to detect latent sweat fingermarks on mirror surfaces when the field depth is under control, with the ridges clearly photographed and no shadow from the mirror. The ultraviolet reflection is suitable to develop the latent sweat fingermarks deposited on CD-ROM surfaces, with the photographed fingermark image clearly contrasted against its background. Conclusion A reference can be here provided for choices to visualize latent sweat fingermarks on mirror/CD-ROM surfaces.
  • Discrimination of Four-color Dye-based Inkjet Marks by UPLC
    SHEN Chang, ZOU Jixin, LIAN Zhe, LI Shifeng, LI Xingru
    Forensic Science And Technology. 2019, 44(3): 238-241. https://doi.org/10.16467/j.1008-3650.2019.03.010
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    Objective To establish a UPLC method for distinguishing the printed marks from 4-color (yellow, magenta, cyan and black) dye-based inkjet cartridges. Methods Four-color dyes of 126-kind inkjet cartridges from different manufacturers of their own trademarks were separated on a BEH Shield RP18 column (2.1mm×100mm, 1.7μm) inset into a Waters Acquity UPLC apparatus. Gradient elution was carried out with the solution of acetonitrile and ammonium bicarbonate solution (NH4HCO3, 10mmol/L) after the optimization of both extraction solvent and mobile phase. With the detection wavelengths set at 400nm, 540nm, 585 nm and 600 nm, the printed paper was investigated of its impact together with the printing ways on the four colors’ detection. In addition, the established method was examined of its precision and repeatability. Results Based on the differences among the dye components, 102-kind dye-based coloring inkjet entries were categorized into 46 main classes. Conclusion The method is capable of providing an effective, reliable and stable choice for discrimination of different dye-based coloring inkjet entries.
  • Using Mimics Software to Measure Compressed Lung Suffered from Pneumothorax
    ZHAN Mengjun, QIU Lirong, DENG Zhenhua
    Forensic Science And Technology. 2019, 44(3): 242-245. https://doi.org/10.16467/j.1008-3650.2019.03.011
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    Objective To investigate the applicability of calculating the lung’s compression for providing a new idea on measuring the compressed lung after pneumothorax by using Mimics, a highly integrative and easy-to-use software producing and compiling 3D image through a medical imaging interactive controlling system, to reconstruct the lung tissue from pneumothorax. Methods CT DICOM images from scanning a pneumothorax patient’s chest, were imported into Mimics system so that the affected thoracic cavity and the compressed lung were restored and calculated of their capacity along with the compression degree. Results With data processing, image segmenting and editing plus other necessary means, a lung tissue model was set up of both high geometric similarity and structural integrity. Condusions The three-dimensional reconstruction of lung tissue after pneumothorax is able to carry out by Mimics software, with the lung’s compression degree capable of being measured and calculated, thus bringing birth of a new idea on calculating the compression degree of the lung suffered with pneumothorax.
  • Using Portable X-ray Fluorescent Spectrometry to Rapidly Test the Impact Marks at Gunshot Spot
    ZHUANG Yan, WANG Xiaolin, GUO Wei, MEI Hongcheng
    Forensic Science And Technology. 2019, 44(3): 246-249. https://doi.org/10.16467/j.1008-3650.2019.03.012
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    Objective To explore a technical method for testing the impact marks (left from gunshot residue) on textile materials with portable X-ray fluorescent spectrometer. Methods Chinese Norinco QSZ92 9mm pistols were selected to shoot white cloth fabrics at six shooting distances (cm) of 15, 25, 50, 100, 300 and 500, having 48 impact marks made. One portable X-ray fluorescent spectrometer was used to test the gunshot residue on the impact marks, with the testing data collected for statistical analysis. Results The portable X-ray fluorescent spectrometer, set the test time of 90s under plastic mode, showed effectual on detecting the elements of Sn, Sb, Pb, Cu and Zn from the impact marks left with shooting Chinese Norinco QSZ92 9mm pistols. Sn and Sb elements can be detected at the same time within the shooting distance of 25cm (including 25cm), yet none for the distance of 50cm (including 50cm) and greater. Condusions The portable X-ray fluorescent spectrometer is suitable for gunshot spot test by the impact marks on the textile materials, with the test results having referential value for inferring the shooting distance.
  • Analysis of Common Organic Explosives from Explosion Cases by UFLC-MS/MS
    LU Linchao, WU Jifeng, MA Guangpeng, SONG Rui, YANG Chongjun, LIU Haiyan, ZHANG Guannan, SUN Zhenwen
    Forensic Science And Technology. 2019, 44(3): 250-253. https://doi.org/10.16467/j.1008-3650.2019.03.013
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    Objective Using UFLC-MS/MS to conduct qualitative and quantitative analyses into six organic explosives (TNT, RDX, HMX, CE, PETN and NG). Methods Following the pretreatment that used organic solvent to extract the explosive residues or the organic explosive protoplasts, UFLC was carried out to separate the explosive chemicals by ammonium chloride and methanol solutions being the mobile phase, plus MRM mode as the selected analytic route. The method was tested of its precision, detection limit and linear relationship. Results Six organic explosives (TNT, RDX, HMX, CE, PETN and NG) were separated well, with the detection limit of 0.2-5ng/mL and the linear relationship in the range of 10-500ng/mL. Condusions All the six organic explosives have been tested effectually. The method is accurate, rapid, sensitive and efficient, suitable for qualitative and quantitative analysis of TNT, RDX, HMX, CE, PETN and NG, therefore capable of being used into daily cases for relevant testing and identification.
  • Determination of Cyanide in Human Blood via Aniline Derivatization Followed by Gas Chromatography-mass Spectrometry
    LI Xiang, ZHU Yu, XIA Xinxin
    Forensic Science And Technology. 2019, 44(3): 254-256. https://doi.org/10.16467/j.1008-3650.2019.03.014
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    Objective To establish a GC/MS/MS derivatization method for determining the cyanide in blood. Methods Blood sample was sequentially added with the solutions of aniline cyclohexane, sodium nitrite and hydrochloric acid, then being subjected to vortex for mixing. After one more addition of copper sulfate solution into the above sampling blood, the mixture was heated at 50℃ for 15 min, thus resulting in the benzyl cyanide/chloride to be determined by GC/MS/MS, with the ions m/z 76 and m/z 65 for quantitative analysis of characteristic peak from benzyl cyanide/chloride. Results The cyanide ions in blood sample showed the limit of detection as 0.05 µg/mL and the average recovery about 95%. Conclusion This method is of specificity, rapid for qualitative analysis of cyanide in blood.
    • Forum
  • Insight on Comprehensive Application of Various Detection Means into Video Tracking
    SUN Yihe
    Forensic Science And Technology. 2019, 44(3): 257-260. https://doi.org/10.16467/j.1008-3650.2019.03.015
    Abstract ( ) Download PDF HTML   Knowledge map Save
    Presently, the society is showing itself into increasing mobility of individual, monetary and material resources, having criminal activities gradually professionalized, specialized and organized. Trans-regional crimes occur more ever than before. Criminals, on committing crimes, usually avoid being detected and cracked down through artifices, e.g., hanging pseudo license plates, riding no vehicles, and disguising with fake identity cards. Video tracking is capable of playing role into breaking the above tricks. With exploration of the rules and characteristics from criminal psychology, footprint tracking, portrait comparison and vehicle identification, this paper discusses the comprehensive utilization and synthetic combat by video tracking through combining with traditional and new high-tech detection means. In conclusion, it is necessary to integrally apply multilateral detection technologies into video tracking so that the functions of such resort can be fully played to track the criminal suspects.
    • Research and Discussion
  • Resolution-enhanced Images by Applying Color-separation Photography with Other Forensic Special Photo-taken Skills
    SHEN Dunpu, XIAO Lu, LIU Yue, WANG Meng
    Forensic Science And Technology. 2019, 44(3): 261-265. https://doi.org/10.16467/j.1008-3650.2019.03.016
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    In forensic scene photographing, the investigating photographers usually find that evidential traces are left on the surfaces with complex colors, background patterns and/or handwriting/printed symbols, making them difficult to obtain clear and identifiable detail features by using one single shooting technique. Here, the color separation photography was combined with other forensic special photo-taken skills, having demonstrated the effect of these composite efforts. The results show that such combinations have truly enhanced the light-dark contrast between the evidential trace and the object surface so that the detail features of evidential trace can be discerned with naked eye, therefore extending the applicable scope of other routine special photo-taken skills.
  • Consistency Analysis between NFIQ Score and Experts’ Identification for Fingerprint Image Quality
    WU Hao, LI Kang, XUE Jing, LI Xiaojun, CHEN Zilong, WANG Zizheng, QIN Qi
    Forensic Science And Technology. 2019, 44(3): 266-268. https://doi.org/10.16467/j.1008-3650.2019.03.017
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    Objective To investigate the applicability of NFIQ in standardizing the quality requirements of collecting fingerprint image by analyzing the consistency between NFIQ score and expert’s identification. Methods 100,000-plus 10-digit fingerprint images were graded to score by NFIQ, and the distribution of 10-digit fingerprints’ image quality scores was counted. For each finger, its 3500 fingerprint images were extracted and dispensed to 100 fingerprint experts for image quality rating. Compared with the NFIQ score, the fingerprint experts’ rating was comprehensively analyzed. Results The fingerprint image quality by NFIQ score is basically consistent with the fingerprint experts’ rating. Condusions The observation obtained here can provide basic data support for MPS (ministry of public security) to further standardize the quality requirements of collecting fingerprint image by NFIQ.
    • Technical Notes
  • Genetic Polymorphism of 15 STR Loci of She-ethnic Population in Wenzhou Area
    XIA Lei, FU Weixin, YOU Hanjie
    Forensic Science And Technology. 2019, 44(3): 269-271. https://doi.org/10.16467/j.1008-3650.2019.03.018
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    Objective To investigate the genetic polymorphism and frequencies of 15 short tandem repeats (STRs) loci of She-ethnic population in the area of Wenzhou, Zhejiang province. Methods DNA samples were collected from 108 unrelated She-ethnic individuals in Wenzhou. 15 STR loci (D8S1179, D21S11, D7S820, CSF1PO, D3S1358, TH01, D13S317, D16S539, D2S1338, D19S433, vWA, TPOX, D18S51, D5S818, FGA) were amplified with Identifiler plus kit, with the PCR products being analyzed by 3500XL Genetic Analyzer and genotyped through GeneMapper ID-X software. The genetic data was statistically parsed into Modified-powerstats software. Results 134 alleles were identified of frequencies ranging from 0.005~0.546. The distributions of the 14 STR loci were in accordance with Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium except the D2S1338 (P>0.05). The expected heterozygosity (He) were 0.599 ~ 0.886, together with the discrimination power (DP) being 0.762 ~ 0.968, the polymorphic information content (PIC) spanning 0.540 ~ 0.870, the probability of paternity exclusion (PE) bestriding 0.293 ~ 0.735, the total discrimination power (TDP) being 0.999 999 999 999 999 928 07, and the cumulative probability of paternity exclusion (CEP) showing 0.9999913. Conclusion The genetic polymorphism of 15 STR in Wenzhou’s She-ethnic population is of great significance for human population genetics and forensic paternity.
  • One Case of Suspected Homicidal Throttling Death yet from Poisoning by Self-overdosing Narcotics
    CHEN Yuanli, ZHOU Ronghua, LU Shouchuan, CAO Qiwen, HE Yongwang
    Forensic Science And Technology. 2019, 44(3): 272-275. https://doi.org/10.16467/j.1008-3650.2019.03.019
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    The jugular parenchyma bruise/contusion is more commonly caused from homicidal throttling, rarely from life rescue. This paper reports a case of poisoning death yet being suspicious of homicide, focusing on the difficulty to judge the genuine causation of the case. For the case, both the informant and insider are deaf, therefore inconvenient to talk with, perplexing to render the discovery that the dead is obvious of suffocation sign and neck injury. Through on-site careful investigation, postmortem examination and physical/chemical test when combined with scene reconstruction, the victim was confirmed of death from overdosing codeine and diphenoxylate, and the neck injury being formed by other people to rescue him. Through this case, some referential cognition may be provided for judging the death cause and case origin in forensic practice.
  • Application of 27-plex SNP Race Inference Assay into Tracing a Suspect’s Ethnogenesis: Case Report
    ZHANG Tao, FENG Baoqiang, ZHOU Hao, MA Mi, SUN Qifan, LIU Haibo
    Forensic Science And Technology. 2019, 44(3): 276-279. https://doi.org/10.16467/j.1008-3650.2019.03.020
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    The 27-plex SNP race inference assay, developed by Institute of Forensic Science affiliated under Ministry of Public Security of the People’s Republic of China, was used to infer a suspect’s ethnogenesis, thus reaping the clue to have an involved case solved. One DNA sample, left at an explosion crime scene, turned out that it was an admixture consisting its ancestral components of 82% the European’s and 11% the East-Asian’s when tested by the above assay. Such an inference assay is able to perform in one ordinary forensic DNA laboratory, having merits of convenient operation, minor quantity of sample, wide spectrum of applicable specimens and no requirements of special instruments. For those biological samples whose STR genotypes fail to match, the race inference could be further mining the genetic information, depicting the suspect, narrowing the scope of investigation and therefore capable of providing the basis for case determination.
  • Identification of a Hit-and-run Case Involving an Injured Child
    ZHAO Minghui, ZHANG Daqing, SUN Xihang
    Forensic Science And Technology. 2019, 44(3): 280-282. https://doi.org/10.16467/j.1008-3650.2019.03.021
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    Generally, evidential materials are of fewer amount left with the suspected vehicles in hit-and-run traffic accidents, causing even no collisional traces/marks to attach onto the vehicle that had its wheel rolled across a human body, especially the one of a child. Thus, it is very crucial to discover and fix the relevant evidence timely and accurately. In this paper, the escaped car was identified through comparison of the bumped child’s limb-exposing characteristic injury pattern that is supposed to be a tire print from the suspected vehicle, in combination of the concerned time-and-space key factors. Furthermore, analysis and discussion were thereby made into the comparison identification with the tire pattern against the treading marks on human skin.

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