15 February 2017, Volume 42 Issue 1
    

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    Research Articles
  • Constructing a Multiplex PCR System for Personal Identification by the InDel Polymorphism of Chinese Population
    WANG Wei, ZHAO Lei, JIANG Li, LIU Jing, HUANG Meisha, LI Ranran, LIU Jiajia, MA Quan, WANG Yingyuan, LI Caixia
    Forensic Science And Technology. 2017, 42(1): 1-8. https://doi.org/10.16467/j.1008-3650.2017.01.001
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    Objective To establish a multiplex PCR system by the insertion-deletion polymorphic (InDel) genetic markers for forensic DNA identification of Chinese population. Methods 30 highly-polymorphic InDel markers were selected by resort of the dbSNP database for Chinese population. The multiplex PCR system was developed by a five-fluorescence dye labeling system. The InDel polymorphism in the ethnic populations of Han, Kazak, Dai, Miao and Yao was investigated and its genetic characteristics determined. Results A multiplex PCR system, containing 30 highly polymorphic InDel markers and an Amelogenin gender marker, has been successfully established. The cumulative discrimination power (CDP) of the 30 InDel markers is respective of 0.999999999957, 0.99999999999, 0.999999999974, 0.999999999875 and 0.999999999966 for the Han, Kazak, Dai, Miao and Yao ethnic population while the pairwise FST estimates between every two populations are less than 0.0448. Genetic survey showed that the 30 InDel markers are of highly polymorphism and small differences between ethnic groups. Conclusion The established multiplex PCR system is able to be used for forensic DNA identification of Chinese population.
  • Curcumin: an Agent to Effectually Develop Oily Fingerprints
    LI Hao, ZUO Qi
    Forensic Science And Technology. 2017, 42(1): 9-14. https://doi.org/10.16467/j.1008-3650.2017.01.002
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    Objective Curcumin, a kind of yellow fat-soluble pigment extracted from the rhizome of turmeric zingiberaceae plants, usually used as a meat-kind food colorant or pH indicator, is yet playing its role in developing oily fingerprints because of its ability to emit intensive fluorescence when it osculates the greasy dirt or sebaceous sweats. Methods In this experiment, Fingerprint samples, including the natural sweaty fingerprints, fat-rich plus sweaty fingerprints, and those contaminated with various kinds of dirt, were prepared from eleven surfaces. Three sets of samples were respectively collected from above each type with legacy time of 1 day, 1 week and 15 days, under temperature from 10 ℃ to 20 ℃ and relative humidity from 40 % to 60 %. Curcumin (1.5 g), dissolved in 100 mL of ethanol, was put into 50 mL of distilled water. Three operations of spraying, soaking and dipping were individually employed with the curcumin solution to develop the fingerprint samples. Results The results show that all fingerprints developed with curcumin cannot be directly observed under natural light. However, the curcumin-developed fingerprints, left on nonporous surfaces with sunflower seed oil and edible blend oil as their main components, show bright blue fluorescence under the excitation at 365 nm. With the excitation of multiband light from 400 to 450 nm and the orange(or red) filter as the receiver, yellow (or green) fluorescent fingerprints can be observed. The effect of spraying disposal is not ideal but both the soaking and dipping are effective. The longer the legacy time, the weaker fingerprint fluorescence becomes. Nevertheless, even the legacy time up to 1 week and 15 days, the fingerprints can still be visualized. Natural sweaty fingerprints developed by curcumin display only weak fluorescence. Fat-rich fingerprints appear better fluorescence with the development of clear, complete and continuous ridges. Contaminated fingerprints show differential effects along with diverse dirt components. The strength of the fluorescence depends on the different amount and type of oil in fingerprint. More fat indicates stronger fluorescence. No remarkable fingerprint is observed on either the kraft or white copy paper. Conclusions As a non-toxic, cheap, efficient and easily prepared reagent, curcumin can be used to develop oily fingerprints on nonporous and smooth surfaces.
  • Preliminary Application of NIR Spectral Imaging Technique in Searching for Crime Scene Evidence
    QI Minjun, CHEN Yihua, WANG Xinquan, YU Cuirong, QI Junyi
    Forensic Science And Technology. 2017, 42(1): 15-20. https://doi.org/10.16467/j.1008-3650.2017.01.003
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    Objective To explore the feasibility of applying the near-infrared (NIR) spectral imaging technology in searching for the evidence at crime scene. Methods With the self-developed portable NIR spectral imager, tests were carried out on blood, firecracker powder, hair, hidden or overlaid letters/text and other evidence-category materials. Spectral images, collected from 650 nm to 1100 nm under the stepping interval of 10 nm, were analyzed. Results The NIR spectral imaging technology could enhance the blood visualization on the fabric of dark or complex background, yet the effect was affected by both the blood concentration and the NIR reflectance of the background substance. Besides, blood, when diluted more than 10 folds or washed, could be hardly detected. Meanwhile, NIR spectral imaging technology can make it easier to discover firecracker powder and hair on dark fabric, especially lessening the influence of complex background from fabric. In addition, the technology could be applied to show hidden or overlaid letters/text and identify materials of different substances. Conclusion It is feasible to quickly find evidence in crime scene with NIR spectral imaging technique. The results here should provide a foundation for the spectral camera to be further developed more compact.
  • Forensic DNA-purposed Bone Sampling Equipment: Development and Pilot Application
    XU Quyi, LIN Duanyu, ZHU Lingyun, LI Yue, LIU Chao, LI Hong, YANG Dian, HAN Yali
    Forensic Science And Technology. 2017, 42(1): 21-24. https://doi.org/10.16467/j.1008-3650.2017.01.004
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    Objective To develop a forensic DNA-purposed bone sampling equipment that is capable of integrating the ultraviolet sterilization, electricity-driven sampling and quick sample collection into one single apparatus. Methods The apparatus’s model was designed and made into a finished product by which the regular course of forensic DNA-purposed bone sampling was performed in parallel with the human manual operation. Both the apparatus’s handling and human operation were compared in the items of sampling amount, consumed time, digestion effect and DNA profiling of STR. Results With the integration of functional modules (ones of vertical sampling, horizontal transportation, sample collection, illumination plus sterilization and the electric controlling), the developed equipment has successfully achieved the STR typing without difference from real person’s operation, yet even demonstrating shorter sampling time and easier digestion of DNA material. Conclusion The developed forensic DNA-purposed bone sampling equipment is totally able to meet the practical requirements for DNA analysis by supplying the high-quality bone DNA sample, showing itself a good prospect.
  • Applying Laser Capture Microdissection to Separate the Shape-different Cells for Testing the Mixed Samples in Rape Cases
    YU Weidong, LIAN Changzhou, SUN Dapeng
    Forensic Science And Technology. 2017, 42(1): 25-27. https://doi.org/10.16467/j.1008-3650.2017.01.005
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    Objective To establish a method of separating different cells in mixtures from rape cases with laser capture microdissection (LCM) technique. Methods Sample preparation was tried with different methods, and so was the cell-staining choices. Therefore, through the sample to be treated with pure water plus hematoxylin or methyl violet to stain the cells that were subjected to painting and dissecting for collection by LCM, DNA has been harvested to result in its tested genotypes showing correct. Results The full and correct STR profiles can be stably obtained from no less than 15 somatic or 50 sperm cells. Conclusion The method established in this paper can be used for testing the mixtures of rape cases.
  • Analysis of Component Number from Mixed Sample of Forensic Genetic Evidence
    ZHOU Mi, WANG Jun
    Forensic Science And Technology. 2017, 42(1): 28-31. https://doi.org/10.16467/j.1008-3650.2017.01.006
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    Objective To analyze the apparent component number from the mixed sample of forensic genetic evidence with stochastic simulation for exploring the inherent regularity on the evaluation of the component number of such mixed sample. Methods With stochastic simulation into ID (Identifiler) system, one million STR genotypes of mixed samples, owning 2-7 components, were engendered and analyzed. The distribution of cumulative probability of apparent component number (CPA) in the mixed samples of 2-7 components was calculated by the self-designed software into ID system. Probability formula of apparent component number of the mixed sample, comprising two actual components but showing one apparent component (PA2-1) on a single-locus, was derived along with the cumulative probability formula of apparent component number of mixed sample (CPA) for the multi-loci. The two formulas were then all empirically validated on the calculation values of formula and simulation experiments by correlation method through two sets of simulation experiments. Finally, the concepts were proposed on the probability of excluding mixture (PEM) and cumulative probability of excluding mixture (CPEM). The approximate calculation formula of CPEM was put forward, and tested with the CPEM asymptotic value in ID system. Results CPA distribution of mixed samples owning 2-7 components was calculated with stochastic simulation approach in ID system. Two formulas were all in accordance with the simulation experiments. The approximate value of CPEM was 1-1.23298×10-9 (0.999999998767) in ID system. Conclusion CPA distribution and the formulas built here have certain applicability for the evaluation of component number of mixed sample. The CPEM can be suggested as the appraisal indicator for distinguishing the sample of single component from that mixed, and the method for calculating the CPEM is able to apply into practice of forensic genetics.
  • Determination of the Magic Water by High Performance Liquid Chromatography
    ZHANG Chunshui, ZHAI Wanfeng
    Forensic Science And Technology. 2017, 42(1): 32-34. https://doi.org/10.16467/j.1008-3650.2017.01.007
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    Objective To establish a qualitative-and-quantitative method for determination of a type-new drug, the magic water, by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Method The samples of magic water were diluted with methanol, oscillated and filtered through 0.22 µm membrane. The separation was performed on a Shimadzu ODS-SP column (150 mm×4.6 mm, 5 µm). The mobile phase was the buffers of phosphate - sodium dihydrogen phosphate (A) and the acetonitrile (B) in a gradient elution, with its initial condition of 5% B followed from 5 % B (0.01 min) through 15% B (16 min) to 75% B (18-20min). The detection wavelength was set at 205 nm. Results With the optimization, the main three effective constituents, methamphetamine, MDMA and ketamine, showed a good linearity of 1~100 μg/mL, with the correlation coefficient > 0.9999. The limits of detection (LOD, under the condition of S/N>3) were respective of 0.2, 0.1 and 0.2 μg/mL. The intra- and inter-day relative standard deviations (RSDs) were less than 1.58 % and 3.21 %. The accuracy was good and the stability of sample preservation was also satisfied. Conclusion This method is rapid, simple and effective, suitable for determination of methamphetamine, MDMA and ketamine in the magic water.
  • Research on Development of Latent Fingerprint by Fluorescent Platinum Nanoclusters
    HUANG Rui, LIU Rui
    Forensic Science And Technology. 2017, 42(1): 35-39. https://doi.org/10.16467/j.1008-3650.2017.01.008
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    Objective Platinum nanoclusters, of good properties and efficiency-high fluorescence, were prepared for developing sweat latent fingerprints. Methods Platinum nanoclusters were synthesized with bovine serum albumin as the protective and reductive agent, in combination of the innovative ultrasonic and heating circulation. The synthesized platinum nanoclusters are of small size, good bio-compatibility, strong blue-green fluorescence, and large stokes shift. Latent fingerprints had been detected wherever the thiols of amino acids were combined with the exposed platinum particles. Results The optimized platinum nanoclusters are bulbi-form, about 5nm in size, able to emit 544 nm-wavelength fluorescence under the quantum yielding at 9.945 %. The peculiar details of latent fingerprints were unveiled by the optimized platinum nanoclusters, conforming to the standard of the fingerprint identification. Conclusions Platinum nanoclusters, made from the circulation of ultrasonic and heating, can visualize the latent fingerprints deposited on the various surfaces of diverse fingerprint-carriers, showing their excellence of stability, convenience to use, high efficiency to emit fluorescence and environment-friendliness.
  • Analyzing Species Characteristics of Vegetable Oil by High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) - Evaporative Light-Scattering
    QIAO Jie, DING Zhaowei, CHEN Huan, ZHAO Pengcheng
    Forensic Science And Technology. 2017, 42(1): 40-43. https://doi.org/10.16467/j.1008-3650.2017.01.009
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    Objective To identify the species of 11-kind vegetable oils (ones of soybean, rapeseed, corn, peanut, canola, sunflower, olive, sesame, benne, tea-seed and linseed) with their components of triglyceride by high performance liquid chromatography - evaporative light-scattering detection (HPLC - ELSD). Methods The 11-kind vegetable oils were collected for the experiment. The samples were analyzed after acetone extraction, with a C18 reverse phase column as the chromatographic operation. The mobile phase is a mixture of methylene chloride/acetonitrile/glacial acetic acid (30:70:0.2, V/V/V), running at 1.0 ml/min. With an evaporative light-scattering detector, every kind of triglyceride from each oil was tested to separate by the chromatographic column at the temperature 35 ℃. All of the spectral data were gathered and compared. Results The 11-kind vegetable oils are specific of one another from their individual characteristic spectrums, making them distinguished one from the others. Conclusion Triglyceride can be used as the substance for species identification of the 11-kind vegetable oils.
  • Forensic Comparison of Old and Fresh Nasal Bone Fracture
    ZHANG Min, WAN Lei, QIAN Hui, CHEN Fang, YING Chongliang
    Forensic Science And Technology. 2017, 42(1): 44-47. https://doi.org/10.16467/j.1008-3650.2017.01.010
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    Objective To explore the distinctions of image signs between old and fresh nasal osteal fractures. Methods A total of 34 cases were retrospectively analyzed of nasal injuries identified in our institute during the year of 2015. Referenced with the clinical symptoms and typical images of nasal fractures, the differences were statistically compared and analyzed between the old and fresh fractures of nasal bone. Results There were statistical differences between the two sets of data about nasal soft tissue swelling, nose bleeding, nasal mucosal swelling, fracture-end imaging characteristics and dynamic imaging change. Conclusion Attention must be paid into the combination of the multiple factors of clinical data and imaging manifestations so that the identification deviation can be avoided upon old and fresh nasal osteal fractures, thereby insuring the objectivity and accuracy of the appraisal conclusion.
  • Determination of Ketamine in Saliva by Ultra High Performance Liquid Chromatography-tandem Mass Spectrometry
    LI Jin, LI Jiyin, ZHANG Fujun, ZHOU Yanjuan, LIU Hongmin, LI Hong, XIE Yanming, HUANG Lei
    Forensic Science And Technology. 2017, 42(1): 48-51. https://doi.org/10.16467/j.1008-3650.2017.01.011
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    Objective Ultra high performance liquid chromatography - tandem mass spectrometry was developed for determination of ketamine in human saliva. Methods Samples were prepared by protein precipitation with methanol and purified with organic filter membrane. Two characteristic ion pairs were chosen for qualitative analysis and external standard choice was used for quantitative analysis of ketamine. Results The linear range was 1~100 ng/mL for ketamine (r=0.9990). The limits of detection and quantification were respectively 0.06 ng/mL and 0.21 ng/mL in saliva. The extraction recoveries of ketamine were above 90%, intra-day and inter-day precisions were all less than 10%. Conclusions This method is simple, rapid, high recovery, high sensitivity and good reproducibility, able to be used for ketamine analysis in drug testing.
    • Reviews
  • Application of Nucleic Acid Aptamers in Forensic Drug Analysis
    ZENG Ling, CAI Nengbin, PAWLOWSKA Natalia, CAI Weisi, MI Zhongliang, HAO Hongxia
    Forensic Science And Technology. 2017, 42(1): 52-60. https://doi.org/10.16467/j.1008-3650.2017.01.012
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    In this paper, a novel method was introduced and elucidated for the detection of forensic drugs based on nucleic acid aptamers. The method can be combined with diverse analytical technologies, such as the impedimetry, surface-enhanced Raman scattering, fluorescent detection, microfludic sensor and the surface-plasmon resonance. The principle of detection is based on an indirect competitive aptamer-assay which can be greatly enhanced its sensitivity to the concentration-low analytes by resorting to nano-particle coalescence. Aptamers, the molecular recognition agents, are easy to handle for detecting many types of forensically relevant analytes, in particular the drugs. Aptamer-based sensors would fulfill both economical and reliable tasks so that the toxicologists are very hopeful to acquire a time-saving and robust strategic tool for drug analysis.
    • Forum
  • Forward Principle on Identification of Non-Standard Firearm’s Parts
    LI Gang
    Forensic Science And Technology. 2017, 42(1): 61-64. https://doi.org/10.16467/j.1008-3650.2017.01.013
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    Currently, the identification of non-standard firearm’s parts mainly applies the comparison of functional equivalent, by which one or some gadgets can be determined as one of/or the firearm’s parts if a same or similar function was verified between the compared gadget(s) and the standard firearm’s parts. However, a necessary requirement must be met that the specific kinetic energy of muzzle is equal or greater than the threshold value of 1.8 joules, meaning that the gadgets identified as firearm’s parts are able to make the assembled gun shoot its bullet at the muzzle’s specific kinetic energy no less than 1.8 joules; otherwise, they cannot be identified as the firearm’s parts. Since the test parts are usually not of/from whole set, incapable of assembling into one complete firearm to fire projectiles in most cases to test the specific kinetic energy of muzzle, five inter-correlative technical approaches were here proposed for identification of the non-standard firearm’s parts, with purpose to offer effective, reliable choices and some ideas on the same or similar kind of test.
    • Technical Notes
  • Statistics and Analysis of Fingerprints Collected at Crime Scenes Based on CSIS and AFIS
    TANG Fengmei
    Forensic Science And Technology. 2017, 42(1): 65-69. https://doi.org/10.16467/j.1008-3650.2017.01.014
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    Fingerprint identification is of importance to identify suspects. Therefore, collecting fingerprints at crime scenes is crucial for crime scene investigation. Based on the data from Crime Scene Investigation System (CSIS) and Automated Fingerprint Identification System (AFIS), the statistical analysis was carried out on the fingerprints collected at crime scenes in the city of Donggang, Liaoning province of China from January 1st, 2010 to December 31st, 2014. Home burglaries took up the major part in the counted criminal cases, thereby leaving the most of fingerprints to be found and collected. Powder method was often used by the local police to develop latent fingerprints which were mainly left by right hand, primarily of its thumb, fore- and middle fingers, on non-porous hard and smooth surfaces. Of the 302 fingerprints collected at crime scenes, 101 ones resulted in having identified 82 suspects, among whom 67 % (55 persons) were matched by AFIS as these people have criminal records and even about 76.4 % of them were recorded for two or more times. With the rapid development of AFIS, fingerprint identification will play a more important role in identifying suspects in the future.
  • A System for Testing and Analyzing Three-dimensional Footprints: Design and Application
    SUN Yajun, PAN Nan, LIU Yi, HAN Junliang
    Forensic Science And Technology. 2017, 42(1): 70-73. https://doi.org/10.16467/j.1008-3650.2017.01.015
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    A system for testing and analyzing three-dimensional footprints is developed based on the LabVIEW platform, in combination of laser-ranging sensor, computer controlling and image processing. Through capturing the images of on-site three-dimensional footprints, extracting feature parameters as well as comparing and analyzing, the designed system can effectively tackle the three-dimensional footprints collected at the crime scenes, help narrow the investigation scope and submit strong evidence for litigation. The system is also able to play its role in assistance of reconnaissance for the involved cases.
  • Scene Investigation for a Case of Hostage Rescue through Sniping across Windowpane
    LI Yiyi, SHI Ren, MA Xinghe
    Forensic Science And Technology. 2017, 42(1): 74-76. https://doi.org/10.16467/j.1008-3650.2017.01.016
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    In the kidnap cases, the suspects often force the hostages to hide inside a room or car, leaving the rescuing snipers being blocked with a barrier, usually the glass windows. The glass would cause the trajectory deflection and the bullet itself to fragment, also the bullet fragments are liable to injure the hostage. This paper introduces the scene investigation of a kidnap case, where the sniper shot through the windowpane and hurt the hostage by the bullet fragments. Therefore, in rescuing hostages, if there is no choice other than sniping through a windowpane, the safety of the hostages is the top priority to consider, and attention must be more paid into choosing the firearms and shooting angles. It is recommended to select the sniper’s rifle owning a caliber of at least 7.62 mm and its ammunition to be assembled in traditional way. Besides, it’s better to shoot in the straight vertical direction so as to avoid engendering the shattered bullet that might otherwise injure the hostages.
  • Determining the Creating-time of a Questioned Documents by Comprehensive Analyses
    OUYANG Guoliang, CUI Lan, WANG Hong, LI Biao, WANG Shiquan
    Forensic Science And Technology. 2017, 42(1): 77-79. https://doi.org/10.16467/j.1008-3650.2017.01.017
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    The creating-time of a questioned document can be deduced by comprehensive analyses. In a case, one document was shown to be written in 1982. However, its authenticity was doubted by the criminal investigators, causing necessary to check the creating-time of this questioned document. Due to the limitation of objective conditions, this evidential material is unable to be tested by the physical and/or chemical approaches. Therefore, the comprehensive analyses were conducted, obtaining the following results: firstly, the characters in the main content of the document were typed by computer and printed with an inkjet printer, demonstrating the document should not have been made until 1984 when the computer-inputting Chinese characters had been applied; secondly, the handwriting at the signature was written by a roller-ball pen, which was invented in 1988 by Japan; thirdly, the RMB symbol “￥” in text body appeared its very beginning version in the middle of the 1980s. These results are in contradiction to the alleged writing date of the document. Accordingly, the conclusion was achieved that the creating-time of the questioned document should be posterior to the year of 1988.
  • Determining the Driver through the Riders’ Injuries and Marks on the Traffic Accident Vehicle
    ZHANG Jie, ZHANG Jianjun, SUN Zhenwen
    Forensic Science And Technology. 2017, 42(1): 80-82. https://doi.org/10.16467/j.1008-3650.2017.01.018
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    In the disposal of traffic accidents leading to the casualty of two or more individuals, the ascertainment of the driver is often prone to be a problem. In order to make the fact of accident be restored, the relationship of driver to passenger judged accurately, this article summed up two aspects of the injuries that riders suffered and the marks that left within and outside the accident vehicles. Through the authentication of the revealed marks, the injuries and/or traumas as well as the DNA-kind evidence, the relevant identification was determined by utilization of such instruments as infrared spectrometer, scanning electron microscopy and DNA sequencer. With the damaged conditions on different parts of the involved human bodies, the shape and/or pattern of the bloodstain inside the accident car, the fibers and/or hair attached to some correlated places plus the other small evidential materials, the drivers can be defined at the very occurrence of the accident.
  • Batch Extraction of DNA from Epithelial Cells by the Automatic Workstation of Kingfisher FLEX
    YUAN Jialong, YUAN Hong
    Forensic Science And Technology. 2017, 42(1): 83-84. https://doi.org/10.16467/j.1008-3650.2017.01.019
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    Objective To design a method for batch extraction of DNA from epithelial cells in large quantities by an automatic workstation. Methods Different choices (direct cutting, 2-step wiping, adhesive-tape sticking or negative-pressure adsorption) were carried out to collect sloughed epithelial cells from different forms of samples. DNA was in batch extracted from the above collected epithelial cells with LC-Microbeads DNA extraction kit combined with Kingfisher FLEX automatic workstation, and then amplified with PowerPlex®18D kit. The success ratio of STR typing was calculated from the electrophoresis of the amplified DNA. Results The success ratio of STR typing is 59.7%. Conclusion This method is stable and efficient, yet to be improved of its detection rate, suitable for batch extraction of DNA from epithelial cells in large quantities.
  • Diatom Test for Death from Drowning Post-clozapine Poisoning
    LIU Mengyan, CHEN Changcan, LI Changrong
    Forensic Science And Technology. 2017, 42(1): 85-86. https://doi.org/10.16467/j.1008-3650.2017.01.020
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    Diatoms are frequently of high concentration found insides the lungs of corpses died from drowning, likewise showing their presence in liver, kidney and sometimes the teeth or marrow, therefore demonstrating significant evidence for a case of drowning. Certainly, the types of diatoms found in lungs (or other organs) should be the same as those at the waters where the death took place. Here, one case was reported of drowning because diatoms, same type as that in death place, were discovered in the victim’s lung and other viscera at very small amount. The reason for diatoms not to comply with the common distribution and content was ascribed to the prior clozapine poisoning before drowning.

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