15 October 2020, Volume 45 Issue 5
    

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    Special for the 13th Five-Year Plan
  • Forensic Fingerprint Intelligence Analysis: Technology Status and Prospect
    FAN Zhinan, FAN Lijuan, MA Rongliang
    Forensic Science And Technology. 2020, 45(5): 441-447. https://doi.org/10.16467/j.1008-3650.2020.05.001
    Abstract ( ) Download PDF HTML   Knowledge map Save
    Fingerprint has been well-known as “one most important forensic evidence” for a long time. Besides the ability to identify an individual with its patterns, fingerprint contains numerous key information about a suspect. Demonstrably, the secretion and deposition of chemical components in fingerprint can be used to analyze the characteristics of a suspect. The detection of substances in fingerprint has therewith aroused great interests of criminal investigators and forensic researchers since it facilitates narrowing the scope of criminal suspects. For example, in fighting against the violent crimes, the detection of ammunition and explosive residues in fingerprint can greatly help the investigation of the cases; the identification of drug residues and metabolites in fingerprint can provide information about whether the suspect uses drugs, smokes or is undergoing a disease treatment. The detection of food residues and cosmetic components in fingerprint can assist in inferring a suspect about his/her certain life habit. This paper reviews the researches on the detection of fingerprint from five aspects relating to drug users, smokers, explosive carriers, sexual assaulters and gender. The expounding mainly involves with the detection methods about biochemical choices (e.g., combining antibodies with fluorescent materials), biological assays (e.g., competitive enzyme immunoassay), instrumental analysis handlings (e.g., mass spectrometry, infrared spectrum analysis) and statistical ways. Based on the established researches and the problems confronted in the actual criminal investigation, three prospective development directions (of endogenous/exogenous substance and the age of fingerprint) are proposed for the forensic fingerprint intelligence analysis. Anyway, obtainment of more case information is always desirable for fingerprint identification so as to portray a suspect accurately further, and promote the role of forensic science in crime investigation and other legal processes as ably as possible.
    • Special for the 14th Five-Year Plan
  • Overview on Methods for Detecting the Gases Toxic and/or Harmful to Environment
    JIE Qiang, LI Shaoyuan, WANG Fanglin, LUAN Yujing, DONG Ying, HUANG Jian, CUI Guanfeng
    Forensic Science And Technology. 2020, 45(5): 448-453. https://doi.org/10.16467/j.1008-3650.2020.05.002
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    Environmental damage is the environmental maleficent changes that arise from natural events or human activities (e.g., volcanic eruption, human production and living), generally not conducive to human life and subsistence. Environmental pollution and/or wrecking are most deleterious to life sustainment, often resulting in toxic and harmful gases releasing to cause serious environmental damage. Therefore, the detection of toxic and harmful gases is of great significance for both the effective environmental protection and combating against environmental crimes. Here, the toxic and harmful gases were expounded of their classification and hazards, with the three industries, coal, petrochemicals and pharmaceutical, being selected as the representatives for illustration. This paper puts the focus on the current methods to detect the toxic and harmful gases, emphasizing the applications and research progresses of chemical analysis approaches, sensor technologies and instrumental analysis. Through the explanation on the principles and specifics of the methods mentioned above, the latest progressions were therewith summarized and discussed into the relevant methods about their developing direction, demonstrating the instrumental analysis maintaining such unique advantages as high sensitivity, good selectivity, fast response and easy operation. Truly, the instrumental analysis has been widely used for detection of toxic and harmful gases. Finally, the related industry standards were introduced on gas detection. From the perspective of the particularity and requirements for public security to fight environmental crimes, the current relevant detection standards were parsed of their applicability. Moreover, the future demand of detection methods was also prospected. Only a method being established of suitability for different environmental crime scenes to detect not merely single but also the mixed toxic and harmful gases, can a better technical support provide for combating against environmental crimes.
    • Special for the 15th Five-Year Plan
  • Forensic Diagnosis into Acute Myocardial Infarction with miR-499
    JIANG Shuo, LI Yang, YANG Dan, WANG Jian, ZHENG Jilong, HE Guanglong
    Forensic Science And Technology. 2020, 45(5): 454-457. https://doi.org/10.16467/j.1008-3650.2020.05.003
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    Objective To evaluate the forensic value of miR(microRNA)-499 to diagnose acute myocardial infarction. Methods Real-time quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) was conducted to explore the diagnostic sensitivity and postmortem stability of miR-499 in acute myocardial infarction and the discriminability of different causes of death. With the RT-qPCR to detect the miR-499 at different infarction interval, i.e., the moments of both the instantaneous and post-myocardial infarction at, 15min, 30 min, 60 min and 2, 3, 6, 12 hours and 7 days, the experimental rats were taken of their heart blood to get known of the miR-499 expressions. Similarly, the rats, died from either the acute myocardial infarction lasting for 1 hour or broken neck, had their heart blood also taken at different postmortem interval (the moment of immediate death and after hours of 3, 6, 12, 24) to detect the miR-499 expressions. Finally, the experimental rats were divided into 4 groups, respectively killed with suffering for 1 hour myocardial infarction, neck breaking, suffocating and anesthetizing, having their miR-499 expressions detected through RT-qPCR. Results The miR-499 got peaked of relative expression multiplication at 1 hour myocardial infarction, showing 64.90±9.29 times of that at the immediate myocardial infarction which to be gradually fallen back from the peak until after 7 days. In different postmortem intervals, miR-499 was obviously greater at the death from 1 hour myocardial infarction than that from the neck breaking group in relation to its variation range and the relative expression multiplication. For 3 hours after death, miR-499 was 3.01 times higher of the myocardial infarction group than that of the broken neck group. In different causes of death, △CT was higher of 1 hour myocardial infarction than that of the other death cause, demonstrating significant difference among the 1 hour myocardial infarction, suffocation and anesthesia (P<0.01). Conclusion The miR-499 expression is of great potential in forensic diagnosis for acute myocardial infarction.
    • Special for the 16th Five-Year Plan
  • Review on Physicochemical Examination of Inkjet-Printing Marks
    LIAN Zhe, ZOU Jixin, YIN Baohua, LIANG Luning, YANG Ruiqin
    Forensic Science And Technology. 2020, 45(5): 458-463. https://doi.org/10.16467/j.1008-3650.2020.05.004
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    With the development of inkjet-printing technology, a rapid growth has also occurred into various criminal cases involving the inkjet-printing documents, e.g., fraud contract, embezzlement, tax evasion and counterfeiting. Such involved inkjet printing documents are crucial evidence for the cases to be trial. The public security/judicial departments are therefore required for the relevant cases to undergo the forensic identification that mainly deals with comparison and differentiation, traceability of manufacturers and judging the age of documents through physical and chemical analyses. Helpfully, the ever-emerging physicochemical analytic technologies have been constantly extended into detecting inkjet printing documents with the approaches from spectroscopy to gas chromatography, liquid chromatography, mass spectrometry and others necessary. This paper summarizes the recent physicochemical analysis of inkjet printing marks home and abroad, with the prospects being looked into the applicable relating technologies.
    • Special for the 17th Five-Year Plan
  • Avoidance against Occurring Signal Crosstalk between Capillaries of Forensic DNA Genetic Analyzer
    YAN Anxin, TU Zheng, WANG Chong, PENG Zhu, ZHANG Qingjun
    Forensic Science And Technology. 2020, 45(5): 464-467. https://doi.org/10.16467/j.1008-3650.2020.05.005
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    Objective To analyze the signal crosstalk occurring between the capillaries of lane-multiple forensic DNA genetic analyzer. Methods The 3500xL genetic analyzer installed of 24 lane-capillaries was chosen to conduct the capillary electrophoretic experiments, having being carried out of two-group test with the experimental group: one capillary lane being selected for overloading the amplification products of an STR-profile-positive sample and one capillary lane for loading the allele ladder, with the rest 22 capillary lanes being filled of only the blank reagent without samples; and the control group: one capillary lane chosen for the allele ladder to load and the remaining 23 capillary lanes being full of the blank reagent. Results For the experimental group, the crosstalk signals were detected with height-low peaks appearing in the adjacent capillary lanes where such peaks should otherwise not have emerged since only the blank reagent existed there. For the control group, no crosstalk signals were observed. Conclusions Signal crosstalk may occur between the immediately-connecting capillary lanes during the capillary electrophoresis of PCR-amplified products to have their STR genotypes profiled. Overloading is the major cause of such phenomena. When a sample is overloaded into a capillary lane, crosstalk signals will likely be detected with height-low peaks appearing in the adjacent capillary lanes where if blank or low-concentration samples were added. The signal crosstalk may also result from the analyzer's hardware spatial malfunction or calibration failure.
    • Research Articles
  • Unraveling the Encrypted Connecting-character-string in.NET Website Database with Network Monitoring
    XU Guotian
    Forensic Science And Technology. 2020, 45(5): 468-473. https://doi.org/10.16467/j.1008-3650.2020.05.006
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    Objective Key information, e.g., IP address, database name and account, is crucial to investigate the involving network-related cases. In recent years, more websites have been developed with the.NET language. Such websites usually encrypt the database-connecting configuration parameters in a specific webpage file to prevent the key information from leakage. This paper attempts to set up an approach to decrypt such encrypted data through network monitoring. Methods With one virtual device to set up a simulating network environment, a query was therewith submitted to the targeting web server to have it triggered to decrypt the data and send out communication packets consecutively so that the communication data were captured through the concurring network monitoring, therefore having the database-connecting configuration parameters successfully decrypted and extracted. Since 2005-version and the later-issued SQL server databases adopt the TLS protocol to encrypt the communication data to make them difficult to decrypt, the SQL server 2000 database was (suggestively) thus installed on the targeting database server and adjusted of the listening port on the database from the default 1433 to 2578. Similarly, the wireshark usually treats TDS packets just as the ordinary application layer data, unable to parse TDS protocol-formatted information, the sniffer-pro was hence chosen to analyze these communication data with its eligibility of analyzing the TDS data-header and internal data formatted under TDS protocol. Results The database-connecting configuration information can be extracted from the communication data through the here-utilized data decryption approach based on network monitoring. Conclusion Demonstrated through a large number of tests and practical cases, the approach proposed in this paper can effectively unravel/procure the encrypted connecting-character-string in.NET website database.
  • Constructing Semen-specific Methylated-DNA-orienting SNP Typing System to Tentatively Identify Human Semen Origin
    XIE Bowen, SONG Feng, LUO Haibo, WANG Shuangshuang, ZHANG Ke, LI Yingbi
    Forensic Science And Technology. 2020, 45(5): 474-479. https://doi.org/10.16467/j.1008-3650.2020.05.007
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    Objective To trial-construct the methylated-DNA-orienting multiplex SNP typing system and explore its value in identifying human semen samples. Methods The human semen-specific methylation sites were selected through analyzing the data from DNA methylation microarray. Specific primers of the selected sites were afterwards designed with several suites of pertinent software. SNaPshot was used to detect the neighboring single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), thereby helping make the human semen origin able to be deduced. Results The 4-plex DNA methylated-locus-orienting SNP typing system for identifying human semen was successfully constructed, leading that 62 body fluids randomly collected from Chinese Han-ethnic individuals were showed of desirable human semen-specificity. The system has therefore accurately differentiated 44 human semen samples from the other 18 samples of three kinds of non-semen origin. Meanwhile, Unambiguous profiles can be even exposed when the bisulfite-converted DNA was input of only 0.5ng. Satisfactory typing profiles were indeed presented out of the mixed stains that were resulted from mixing human semen and vaginal fluid in volume ratio of 1:40. Conclusions This 4-plex SNP typing system is of great value in identifying human semen. Besides, it proves that the DNA methylated-locus-orienting multiplex SNP typing system is practical for identifying human body fluids.
  • Biological Predisposition of Sweat Pore Location in Third Level Characteristics of Fingerprints
    WANG Youmin, CAO Jiming, LIANG Na, LIU Jingying, XIE Xiaohui, LI Yanlin
    Forensic Science And Technology. 2020, 45(5): 480-485. https://doi.org/10.16467/j.1008-3650.2020.05.008
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    Objective To explore the influence of metabolizing skin of finger pulp on the location of sweat pore in the third level characteristics of fingerprints, with the focus to place on the biological predisposition within the period of epidermal replacement. Methods Male and female subjects, each 10 of aging from 18 to 22, were selected to observe their epidermal replacement for one continuous month, with one time every two days to note the observations from direct microscopic photography and finger-inked stamping. The same sweat pore was looked into its changing on the longitudinal and transverse directions at the mastoid ridge. Statistical analysis was carried out into the observed data to unveil the biological predisposition about the location changing of sweat pore. Results From either the direct microscopic photography or finger-inked stamping, the location of observed sweat pore was revealed of changing with some extent on both the longitudinal and transverse directions at the mastoid ridge. For the 20 subjects, the male showed maximum longitudinal and transverse displacements of the observed sweat pores were respective 166.46 and 61.00 microns while those of the female were 73.08 and 45.88 microns. Conclusions During the period of epidermal replacement, the sweat pores change their locations on both the longitudinal and transverse directions at the mastoid ridge of finger pulp, with the longitudinal displacement showing significantly larger than that of transverse direction. Male's displacements, in both the longitudinal and transverse directions, are remarkably larger than the female's. The location-changing track approximates an ellipse whose long axis (of length about 119.77±46.69 microns) follows along the direction of the mastoid ridge to which the ellipse's short axis (of length about 53.44±7.56 microns) is vertical.
  • Characteristic Marks Left on the Lock from the Bump-key Lockpick
    WANG Lixun, CHENG Guimin, LI Xiaojun, LI Weiyong, HUANG Rui
    Forensic Science And Technology. 2020, 45(5): 486-490. https://doi.org/10.16467/j.1008-3650.2020.05.009
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    Objective To explore the characteristic marks left on the pin-tumbling lock from the bump-key lockpick/unlocking tool so as to provide technical reference for the inspection and identification of technical unlocking. Methods Three unlocking tools (Lin's/General's electric bump-key lockpick and common impacting quick unlocking kit) were respectively used to unlock five ones of single-/two- row-pin tumbling locks, with their resulted marks on the locks being observed under Zeiss stereomicroscope V20 onto the lock hole, plug slot, round-/flat-nosed pin. Results For single-row-pin tumbling lock, the wear and tear was left on the keyhole from all the three unlocking tools, with the obvious marks in the plug slot being from Lin's electric bump-key lockpick yet scratches on the inner wall from the other two unlocking tools. Struck and scratched marks were found on the spherical surface of stochastic round-nosed pins, so were the scratches on the cylindrical surface of stochastic flat-nosed pins. For two-row-pin tumbling lock, only the General's electric bump-key lockpick caused the wear and tear on the pinhole. On the spherical/cylindrical surface of the stochastic round-/flat-nosed pins, the same marks arose there as those of the single-row-pin tumbling lock. Conclusion For the pin-tumbling lock, suggestions would be of bump-key lockpick/unlocking tool likely poking into the lock if such marks occurred to a single-row-pin lock as the abrasion at the keyhole, scratches on the inner wall of the plug slot, and irregularly-scattering impacted signs on the spherical surface of round-nosed pins. For a two-row-pin lock, similar implication would be suggesting when marks were shown as the one identical to the last item indicated above about the single-row lock.
  • Age Estimation from Different Weighted Magnetic-resonance Images of Knee Joint
    PENG Zhao, FAN Fei, LI Zhenlin, ZHANG Kui, DAI Xinhua, CHEN Xiaogang, DENG Zhenhua
    Forensic Science And Technology. 2020, 45(5): 491-494. https://doi.org/10.16467/j.1008-3650.2020.05.010
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    Objective To compare the availability of weighted magnetic-resonance images (T1WI, T2WI and PDWI) of knee joint for the relevant individual's age estimation of forensic purpose. Methods 50 subjects (each 25 of both the male and female) were randomly selected from 400 knee-aching individuals who aged between 10~25 years old with their knee-joint MRI images being simultaneously weighted into T1WI, T2WI and PDWI, therefore the ossification status of each relevant knee was scored. Consequently, the relationship was analyzed between the ossification stage and age so that multiple stepwise linear regressive models were set up for age estimation. With 18 years old taken as the threshold, the diagnostic accuracy was examined through the established receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve and supportive vector classification (SVC) model. Results The relevance was indeed observed between the discrepant weighted images and age/AUC (area under the curve) of ROC, demonstrating higher of both the correlation coefficient and AUC from the T1WI while lowest from the T2WI. The model established on the ossification status of either T1WI of proximal fibula or PDWI of distal femur was shown of the highest accuracy for male age estimation, with the mean absolute error being as 1.703 years. The model established on the ossification status of PDWI of both the distal femur and proximal fibula was of highest accuracy for female age estimation, with the mean absolute error being 2.012 years. The accuracy of SVC model diagnosing with 18 year-old threshold was 0.840 for male and 0.920 for female. Conclusion The images of T1WI, T2WI and PDWI of human knee joint among certain ages were applicable for age estimation and diagnosis under the 18 year-old threshold at present.
  • Simultaneous Detection of 17 Abused Narcotics Found from Drugged Driving Cases by UPLC-MS/MS
    JU Yanyan, YANG Chongjun, LIU Bingjie, XIE Yaping, CHENG Haiyan, LI Lijun
    Forensic Science And Technology. 2020, 45(5): 495-498. https://doi.org/10.16467/j.1008-3650.2020.05.011
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    Objective To develop a UPLC-MS method for simultaneous detection of 17 abused drugs (e.g., amphetamine, opiate, cocaine, cannabis…) in blood and saliva samples commonly collected from the drugged driving cases. Methods The samples were successively treated with acetonitrile, centrifuged and transferred of the supernatant that was subjected to dry and then re-dissolve with methanol. The so-extracted substance was analyzed through the ultra-fast liquid chromatography coupled into mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) under the sensitivity-high mode of multiple-reaction monitoring (MRM), with the determination being carried out into the specificity, matrix effect, recovery and the limit of detection. Results All components from the samples were well separated, leaving the detection limit reaching up to pg level plus the recovery being among 70%-120%. This method also exhibited good reproducibility and acceptable stability, demonstrating the RSD of all samples less than 5% and limits of detection ranging from 0.25ng/mL to 200ng/mL. Besides, a good linear correlation was revealed with the value of R greater than 0.995. Conclusions The method is simple, rapid, sensitive and accurate, suitable for screening and quantitation of the 17 drugged-driving-involved narcotics in forensic laboratories.
  • Calculating the Velocity of Vehicle Recorded in the Low-illumination Video
    LI Wei, ZHANG Zefeng, PAN Shaoyou, ZHANG Zhiyong, HENG Weiwei, FENG Hao
    Forensic Science And Technology. 2020, 45(5): 499-502. https://doi.org/10.16467/j.1008-3650.2020.05.012
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    Objective To put forward a method about calculating the velocity of vehicle recorded in low-illumination video based on image fusion technology so as to improve the applicability of speed determination of accident vehicle evidenced with surveillance video. Methods From the same one surveilling camera that was fixed of the parameters of its photo-taking position, angle and focus, the targeted vehicle was obtained of its key imaging frames of two low-illumination videos and bright one clearly marking the same road section. Through simple image fusion being coalesced into the linear weighted one to make the relevant imaging pixels fused, the relative positional relationship was ascertained between the features of targeted vehicle (its key imaging frames being kept) and the road scene reference (its key imaging frame also recorded). Thus, the speed of targeted vehicle can be calculated based on the processed imaging frames from the involved videos, leaving opportunity to have it verified with the event-data recorder of the targeted vehicle if available. Results The method shows its relative error of speed calculation about -0.86%, proving the reliability of such an approach. Conclusions This method can effectively solve the problem difficult to recognize the reference objects in low-illumination video, capable of providing technical support for identification of the velocity of one accident vehicle.
  • Collection and Preservation of Costicartilage Tissue with FTA Card at Room Temperature
    JIA Xiao, CAO Dan, WANG Wenwen, WU Yalan
    Forensic Science And Technology. 2020, 45(5): 503-506. https://doi.org/10.16467/j.1008-3650.2020.05.013
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    Objective To establish a fast and effective method using FTA card to both collect and preserve costicartilage tissue. Methods FTA card was adopted to collect the homogenized costicartilage suspension so that the costicartilage tissue was adsorbed onto it. From the FTA cards with which costicartilage tissue was just collected or the collection finished and successively sealed into vacuum evidential material bags for two years at room temperature, STR typing was respectively carried out through direct amplification. Results The costicartilage-carrying FTA cards provided complete STR genotyping profiles with direct amplification, revealing a detection rate of 93.0% from 158 samples. Effective detection was also obtained of the costicartilage tissue preserved on the FTA cards (the stored 147 pieces) for two years at room temperature, exhibiting 100% detection rate of STR genotyping without allelic dropout. Conclusions This method is able to leave the tedious DNA extraction from costicartilage material to the direct amplification, thereby having surmounted the problem that costicartilage is difficult to preserve at room temperature.
  • Effect of Gamma Ray Radiation or Ethylene Oxide Treatment on Damaging Human DNA
    ZHONG Qiaomei, HUANG Liwei, LUO Bingke
    Forensic Science And Technology. 2020, 45(5): 507-509. https://doi.org/10.16467/j.1008-3650.2020.05.014
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    Objective To explore a method for removing human-sourced DNA contamination during forensic evidence analysis. Methods The samples of human blood and oral stains were made from same person through one kit of rapid DNA extraction, respectively treated with gamma ray radiation and ethylene oxide saturation. Afterwards, the samples were respectively wiped onto both a dry swab and wet one to collect the cells, from which the yielded DNA was to have its STR-loci profiling carried out. Results No STR genotype was detected from the ethylene oxide treatment group, while complete STR genotype was exposed from 60% of the samples treated with gamma ray radiation, with the rest 35% showing partial STR genotype and the remained 5% none. Conclusions Ethylene oxide is more effective in destroying human DNA, capable of removing human-sourced DNA contamination during forensic evidence analysis.
  • Indanedione-zinc to Develop the Sweat Latent Fingerprints on Difficult-to-handle Objects
    ZHAO Changxing, XUE Jing, HAO Jinping, YAN Anxin, LU Yifan, LIU Huan, WANG Mingzhi, QIN Qi, LÜ Yufan, GUO Keli
    Forensic Science And Technology. 2020, 45(5): 510-514. https://doi.org/10.16467/j.1008-3650.2020.05.015
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    Objective To probe into the feasibility of 1,2-indanedione-zinc agent to develop the sweat latent fingerprints on difficult-to-handle objects, and the potential influence of such a treatment on the following DNA detection. Methods The 1,2-indanedione and its zinc-added reagents were respectively sprayed onto the pre-grouped white A4-formatting paper (harboring the sweat latent fingerprints) that was afterwards not subjected to the conventional heating for the purpose to choose the treatment appropriate for both the fingerprint development and DNA detection. Through the fingerprint samples made onto several difficult-to-handle objects and placed for a period of time, the 1,2-indanedione-zinc reagent was adopted to develop the fingerprints with no heating so that the developing effects were observed and photos taken to have the results evaluated. Finally, DNA was comparably detected from the experimental/control samples on both the kraft paper and leather. Results 1,2-indanedione-zinc reagent was more effective, capable of developing the sweat latent fingerprints on a variety of difficult-to-handle objects with no requirement of heating. The sweat latent fingerprint on either the kraft paper or brick was developed quickly, having the developed ridge details clearly observed and sharp contrast exposed, thereby demonstrating high value for fingerprint identification. Whereas longer time was required to develop the sweat latent fingerprints on both fabric and leather, yet the developed ridge details still being not clear enough for fingerprint identification, nonetheless the place being indicated of underdeveloped fingerprint showed the exact site for DNA to subsequently extract and detect. The 1,2-indanedione-zinc reagent exhibited little effect on the following DNA detection. Conclusions It is highly feasible to use 1,2-indanedione-zinc reagent to develop sweat latent fingerprints on varieties of difficult-to-handle objects. Meanwhile, the fingerprints, whether developed or not, can even locate the trace biological evidence precisely, thereby improving the successful probability of DNA genotyping.
  • Determination of LC-MS/MS into 2′-Diclazepam in Blood or Urine
    CAI Yugang, XU Yue, ZHOU Dajiang, ZOU Bo, CHANG Jing
    Forensic Science And Technology. 2020, 45(5): 515-517. https://doi.org/10.16467/j.1008-3650.2020.05.016
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    Objective To set up one LC-MS/MS method for determination of 2′-diclazepam in blood or urine. Methods The sample of blood or urine was treated through liquid-liquid extraction to isolate the 2′-diclazepam that was afterwards subjected to LC-MS/MS. Results A good linear relationship was present between the peak area and concentration in 0.1~100ng/mL of 2′-diclazepam in blood or urine, with the limit of detection (LOD) being 0.01ng/mL and recoveries among 60.67%~89.03%. Conclusions The method is reliable, facilitating and sensitivity-high, capable of being used for determination of 2′-diclazepam in blood or urine.
    • Reviews
  • Review on Detection of New Psychoactive Substances in Wastewater
    LI Peng, WEN Wu, GAO Lisheng
    Forensic Science And Technology. 2020, 45(5): 518-523. https://doi.org/10.16467/j.1008-3650.2020.05.017
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    New psychoactive substances (NPS) are compounds that produce addictive effects similar to those of illicit drugs such as cocaine, cannabis and amphetamine, yet having not been strictly regulated by international conventions. Purchasing and administering NPS have increasingly become into serious public health problems in many countries. However, little is known about the scope and practical use of these new substances. Hence, it is very difficult to monitor the use of NPS. Therefore, it is necessary to adopt comprehensive resorts from various information resources to better understand the administration and diffusion of NPS. Thus, there is a need for close cooperation between different disciplines and scientific researchers of various professions. The cooperation should be conducted between not only analytical chemists but also toxicologists, health professionals, police, military, governments and international organizations. One promising development is the approach about analyzing urine samples and domestic sewage although it currently exposes some limitations and faces challenges urgent to settle, yet presumably assuming a good prospective for solving the above relevant problems. Liquid chromatography coupled with high-resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS) has become one of the most effective methods for screening varieties of NPS due to its precise mass measurement and full-spectrum data acquisition. LC-HRMS can easily cope with the ever-changing NPS market with searching the real-time updated NPS database. This article reviews the researches on detecting NPS in domestic sewage and introduces the latest relating developments.
  • Applications of Solid-phase Microextraction in Drug Analysis
    KANG Mingxing, SU Wenyuan, SONG Aiying
    Forensic Science And Technology. 2020, 45(5): 524-527. https://doi.org/10.16467/j.1008-3650.2020.05.018
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    Solid phase microextraction (SPME) bases on the absorbent materials (also called as coating substances) that are chemically and/or physically fixed onto certain bare fibers (generally stainless-steel wire or optical fiber) to become the absorbable matrices. During extraction process, the fibers were exposed into the sample solution (or liquid) for direct adsorption. This technique is suitable for both the laboratory and field sampling pretreatment to integrate the enrichment, desorption and injection into one single step. SPME, plus its combination with other technological choices, has become one best method for qualitative and quantitative analysis of drugs in biological samples, demonstrating the advantages of rapidity, simplicity and sensitivity. With the development and application of innovative coating absorbents, SPME is greatly improved of its sensitivity for drug detection, showing excellence in the application of automatic sampling technology to boost the accuracy and precision of the relevant analytical methods. Through the review of research progresses and applications in drug analysis from recent years, SPME was revealed of its development and evolution into the capability of determining the drugs from not only the conventional samples of blood and urine but also the unconventional ones of sweat, vitreous fluid or others, successfully having itself adapted to more kinds of sample sources. In the future, SPME will be certainly further progressed on the aspects of fiber fabrication, design of surface structure and chemo-physical properties of the coating substances so that its reliability and practicability could be even more greatly enhanced.
    • Technical Notes
  • Numerical Simulation Investigating into the Crime Scene of Space-confined Gas Explosion
    LI Hongyu, SUN Yuyou, ZHANG Jifeng, FAN Wulong, XIE Yongxun, CHENG Guimin, ZHOU Nan, CUI Ziwei
    Forensic Science And Technology. 2020, 45(5): 528-533. https://doi.org/10.16467/j.1008-3650.2020.05.019
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    Objective To determine the ignition site in the crime scene of space-confined gas explosion. Methods FLACS, one software, was adopted to numerically simulate the gas explosion caused from liquefied petroleum gas releasing in a residential building, with the suspicious scene ignition sites of A and B being analyzed into the effect of explosive shock wave on the involved wooden door and mattress. Site A was selected at the middle of the south side of a bed in one bedroom, with site B being symmetric to A in the north side of the bed. The results from numerical simulation were verified with the actual displacement of the blown wooden door and mattress, thereby having the ignition site determined. Results The simulated explosion shock wave, generated from the site either A or B, caused the identical displacement of the wooden door as shown with the scene fact, yet only the site A resulting in the same displacement of the mattress as shown on the scene from the shock wave generated there. Thus, the ignition site was determined at site A. Further scene investigation and analysis confirmed that the ignition source is the light switch on the wall at the south beside the bed. Conclusions FLACS can simulate the process of gas explosion event in a building, capable of providing strong support for feature analysis of scene traces and identification of key material evidence.
  • Identification of Pig Osseous Tissue
    CHEN Weizhong, WANG Xin, ZHANG Jian, SHI Yunjie, MA Wenhua, DING Guangshu, LU Wenjun, WANG Gao, JIANG Yingye, ZHOU Ruhua
    Forensic Science And Technology. 2020, 45(5): 534-537. https://doi.org/10.16467/j.1008-3650.2020.05.020
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    Objective To identify an osseous sample from one case scene for the ascertainment of its species. Methods The bone sample was extracted through the method of magnetic beads, with the collected DNA being amplified via both the forensic identification Kit AGCU Expressmarker22 and the kit for species identification of meat-kind source. Therefore, AGCU swine-oriented identification kit was finally chosen to retest the DNA with real-time PCR of fluorescent quantification. Results The bone sample was detected of no amplified peaks of any locus relating to the AGCU Expressmarker22 amplification kit, yet having been ascertained of pork origin by the kit for species identification of meat-kind source, thus eventually confirmed as pig's through the real-time PCR by AGCU swine-oriented identification kit. Conclusion The bone sample was identified of swine.
  • Application of GC-MS into Determining the Brake Fluid for a Case
    HU Can, MEI Hongcheng, GUO Hongling, WANG Ping, LIU Zhanfang, CUI Jia, ZHOU Zheng, LI Guangyao, ZHU Jun
    Forensic Science And Technology. 2020, 45(5): 538-541. https://doi.org/10.16467/j.1008-3650.2020.05.021
    Abstract ( ) Download PDF HTML   Knowledge map Save
    Brake fluid is a liquid medium that fills in the hydraulic pressure-conveying system for one relevant mechanical equipment (e.g., an automobile) to halt through its transmitted braking force. The most commonly-used brake fluid is alcohol ether and/or ester. In a case of suspected murder from the involving minibus that was damaged of its brake tubes, analysis of the brake fluid was becoming the key to determine the criminal tool. Yet, no previous report and/or literature was found about such a forensic analysis. GC-MS was tried to analyze the brake fluid, having a critical organic substance (tetra-ethylene glycol monobutyl ether) identified from the damaged brake tube and verified through the criminal tool. With combination of the analytic results of metal evidence from SEM-EDS, the criminal tool was finally determined, having successfully provided a strong evidence for the suspect to convict and sentence. From this case, not only was a technical reference offered for analysis of brake fluid with GC-MS in similar cases but attentions were furthermore suggested to be paid on the role of trace evidence in case analysis and crime scene reconstruction.
    • Exchangeable Experience
  • Role of Trace Evidence in Investigating Beijing Daxing “2017·11·18” Conflagration
    CHEN Jianhong, LI Shenglin, LI Yanchao
    Forensic Science And Technology. 2020, 45(5): 542-544. https://doi.org/10.16467/j.1008-3650.2020.05.022
    Abstract ( ) Download PDF HTML   Knowledge map Save
    At times, significant events of social impact occur with the liable production-safety accidents, e.g., fire, explosion and mine disaster. Usually, such events could attract high-profile social attention due to the large number of casualties. Consequently, it is crucial to timely adopt proper and efficient disposal into the events and relevant matters. On November 18, 2017, a heavy fire disaster happened in Daxing district of Beijing. By careful investigation, the criminal technicians found that one short-circuit incident took place inside a cold storage depot so that they collected the heat-resistant materials from the wall there and examined with gas chromatography mass spectrometry. Through contrast experiment, it was revealed that one explosion was resulted from the heat-resistant material releasing its-comprising pentamethyldiethylenetriamine (PMDETA) to the concentration among 1.1%-5.7% (V), the explosion threshold of the substance when it blended with air and fitly ignited with the short circuit occurring inside the polyurethane heat-resistant materials. Such an explosion was, albeit rare, set off with the volatile organic compound from decoration materials. References are hoped to provide for criminal technicians to tackle with similar cases through the here summarization of trace evidence scene investigation and inspection.
  • Determination of Four Sedative-hypnotic Drugs with GC/MS for a Case of Abnormal Death
    REN Shanshan, ZHAO Danpin
    Forensic Science And Technology. 2020, 45(5): 545-547. https://doi.org/10.16467/j.1008-3650.2020.05.023
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    Objective To analyze the heart blood sample for a case of abnormal death. Methods The sampling blood was taken of 2mL and added with the internal standard substances, SKF525A and aprobarbital, afterwards subjected to first the acidic and consecutively the alkaline treatment with the respective extraction being followed, having the extractants combined for dryness and re-dissolved with methanol. The methanol-dissolved substances were detected with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS), having been identified with their retention time and characteristic ion fragments. Quantitative analysis was carried out through the internal standard working curve. Results Four sedative-hypnotic drugs (barbital, diazepam, chlorpromazine and promethazine) were detected from the blood sample. The content of barbital, diazepam, chlorpromazine and promethazine was 2.04, 0.06, 0.05, 0.28μg/mL, respectively. Conclusions It is rare to have multiple sedative-hypnotic drugs tested out from just one blood sample although none of the four drugs had reached toxic or lethal concentration in the tested blood sample. Nevertheless, whether poisoning is attained or not is related to not only the amount of single one drug but also the taker's physique and the varieties of drugs dosed plus other factors. The discovery here may provide references for forensic examiners to deduce the death cause and truth of the involving case.
  • Forensic Autopsy on the Field Corpse
    GE Yanchang, DING Jinjin, QU Jilu, LUO Xi
    Forensic Science And Technology. 2020, 45(5): 548-550. https://doi.org/10.16467/j.1008-3650.2020.05.024
    Abstract ( ) Download PDF HTML   Knowledge map Save
    Field corpse is often found in the forensic case scene. Usually, huge difficulties are always imposed into such cases relating to personal identity recognition, death cause definition, case fact judgement and postmortem interval examination because many influential factors would make things worse: the site-wide and/or form-various corpses, rare case clue and/or cadavers of unknown source, plus the devastation to the scene and corpse that might result from long elapsing time, climate undulation with rain/snow/storm and/or rots through insects/animals/irresistible forces. Therefore, the autopsy observations should be combined with the case investigation, field scrutiny and other supportive analysis so as to build up a comprehensive judgement. Certainly, the corpse found in the field holds its own characteristics that require the pertinent examination methods. With the examples of six practical cases, one preliminary analysis was here put forward into the forensic verification methods of such cases so that references would be provided to the peers.

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