25 October 2019, Volume 44 Issue 5
    

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    Special for the 13th Five-Year Plan
  • Exploration on Constructing a Work System for Forensic Scientific Research and Innovation
    MENG Qingzhen, LIU Huinian, PENG Silu, HUANG Xing, MA Xin, ZHAO Xingchun, YE Jian
    Forensic Science And Technology. 2019, 44(5): 377-382. https://doi.org/10.16467/j.1008-3650.2019.05.001
    Abstract ( ) Download PDF HTML   Knowledge map Save
    Scientific research and innovation are the motive force and locomotive for continuous developing of forensic study, thereby providing necessary supports for solving new practical problems of criminal investigation and overcoming new risks and challenges. This paper analyzes the significance of forensic scientific research and innovation, pointing out the guiding principles for innovation work, and putting forward the basic structure of one system about innovation work. Taking the example with Institute of Forensic Science, Ministry of Public Security, the exploration and discussion are putting into the possible ways to construct a work system of forensic scientific research and innovation, with the illustration of such a system's effect on practical work.
  • Forensic Applicability of Artificial Intelligence and Prospect
    LIU Zhiyong, ZHANG Gengqian, YAN Jiangwei
    Forensic Science And Technology. 2019, 44(5): 383-387. https://doi.org/10.16467/j.1008-3650.2019.05.002
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    At present, artificial intelligence (AI) is constantly innovating and developing, especially in machine learning and neural network. Its achievements have been widely applied into various industries including forensic science. The basic forensic research assisted by AI covers the forensic disciplines among pathology, biology, clinics, toxicology, anthropology, entomology and other fields, thereby having provided new ideas and methods for solving traditional forensic problems, promoted great development of various forensic subjects meanwhile bringing forward tremendous forensic application progress. With a brief general introduction of AI to begin, this paper mainly summarizes the research achievements of AI from forensic DNA typing, postmortem interval inference, individual characteristic depiction, age and/or sex judgment, screening and peak interpretation of toxic target compounds to imageological and pathological diagnosis about tissue sections. Moreover, discussions were made of the problems to be solved urgently and the troubles coming from development.
  • Researches of mRNA Profiling for Forensic Body Fluid Identification
    ZHAO Yixia, HU Sheng, YE Jian, SUN Qifan, JI Anquan
    Forensic Science And Technology. 2019, 44(5): 388-394. https://doi.org/10.16467/j.1008-3650.2019.05.003
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    Molecular biology brings many resorts and revelations for forensic scientists to rely in transforming the relevant molecular biological technologies into forensic application. Such a kind of practice is of identifying the origin of body fluids left at a crime scene so that the evidence can be provided for crime scene reconstruction and case trial. For a long time, mRNA has not been concerned in forensic medicine because of its instability and easy-to-degrade characteristics. However, the innovations of molecular biology, including endpoint reverse-transcriptional/real-time fluorescent quantitative PCR and transcriptome analysis, have changed the stereotyping perception of RNA, laying the foundation for mRNA profiling to apply into forensic science. At present, the major methods for body fluid identification based on mRNA profiling are to construct multiple detection system so as to simultaneously detect the various specific markers expressed in different body fluids or the stains. Since 2011, European DNA profiling group (EDNAP) has organized six collaborative exercises to assess the effectiveness and reproducibility of mRNA profiling for identifying forensic body fluids. This review is to provide a general survey of the present knowledge and detection methodologies of mRNA profiling for forensic body fluid identification and discuss its potential forensic applicability.
  • Biomechanical Analysis into the Slashing and Chopping Action and Injury
    XIAO Xiaofei, LÜ Tu, HAO Weiya, SHI Yi, WANG Mingzhi, WANG Jian, TIAN Xuemei, WU Bin
    Forensic Science And Technology. 2019, 44(5): 395-398. https://doi.org/10.16467/j.1008-3650.2019.05.004
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    When cases occur from knife slashing and chopping, criminal investigators are always puzzled about how to reappear the process of injuring actions scientifically and retroactively because such an endeavor will bring forward the systematic evidence of injury. Usually, the investigators will have extruded the injury mechanism and regularity by analyzing the key logic elements based on the survey information from the crime scene. Through real cases being combined, this paper tries to analyze the biomechanical factors in occurrence of slashing and chopping, with inclusion of the behavioral dynamics during injuring actions and the characteristic injury from victim's tissue/organ, thereby building up the biomechanics and finite element approach to explore the biomechanical mechanism of injuring actions and the key reconstructive technologies. Such an established approach will likely break through the technological bottleneck about reconstructing a data-dynamic crime scene, helping the criminal investigators accurately solve cases scientifically and timely.
  • Soil Microbiological Examination and Its Forensic Application
    YUAN Meiqing, YIN Shiqiang, YANG Yuchen, WANG Guiqiang, TU Zheng, QUAN Yangke
    Forensic Science And Technology. 2019, 44(5): 399-402. https://doi.org/10.16467/j.1008-3650.2019.05.005
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    The examination of soil evidence has long been assorted into the physicochemical testing of trace evidence. Presently, more and more researchers are focusing on analyzing the soil-bred microorganisms with the development of biotechnology and relevant mature methods. Soil is one base camp of microorganisms from which their most abundant information can be obtained so that many soil-related features of, e.g., the likely area and its climate as well as the way of soil utilization, would be indicated with the characteristic microbial species and population. The examination of soil microorganism is a new focal research, accumulating great applicable potentials for forensic science because of such many advantages as enormous information, high discriminating accuracy and trace dosage of used material. In some cases difficult to solve, the evidential soil microorganism may even provide crucial clues or new evidence by comparative analysis and/or provenience judgment from the involved soil microorganisms. In this paper, the soil microbiological evidence was reviewed on its concept, characteristics, practical value, and the potential problems necessary to be resolved. With the introduction to the latest researches home and abroad, available references should be offered for both the further study of soil microbial analysis and the forensic application of soil microbiology.
    • Research Articles
  • Uniqueness of an Automobile's Identity Ascertained by Comprehensive Examination (I)
    AO Qi
    Forensic Science And Technology. 2019, 44(5): 403-409. https://doi.org/10.16467/j.1008-3650.2019.05.006
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    Automobile, one of the modern transportation vehicles, demonstrates its unique identity with the information of whole vehicle product, registration and usage, thereby making it distinguished from the others. Such information plays an irreplaceable role in the investigation of criminal activities, e.g., theft, robbery, smuggling, fake license and vehicle assembling, thus becoming the objective evidence for checking the unique identity of one crime-involving or suspicious vehicle. According to the compilation rules of vehicle model, vehicle identification number (VIN), engine number, gearbox/airbag code and other necessary data, the comprehensive examination was here explored into ascertaining the unique identity of an automobile, especially a suspected one.
  • Morphological Characteristics of Metal Object Formed with High Temperature and Their Forensic Applications
    CHEN Jin, LIU Lingli, QUAN Yangke, ZHANG Qianshang, WANG Xuehu
    Forensic Science And Technology. 2019, 44(5): 410-415. https://doi.org/10.16467/j.1008-3650.2019.05.007
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    Metal solid substances and the like will melt into liquid state at the temperature greater than their respective melting point. The surface tension can render the melting tiny materials to form spherical or quasi-sphere particles when they are cooling, and even resulting in molten marks/patterns left on the surface of bigger metal object. Usually, local or partial high temperature will occur in the event of explosion, arson, electric shock or gun shooting. Therefore, forensic examination of the metal objects formed from melting to cooling and/or the molten marks/patterns is of great significance to investigate the involving cases. Additionally, the melting-to-cooling-generated metal particles may give clues for speculating the suspects' job, e.g., welding or cutting. Presently, forensic physicochemical examination pays more attention to chemical composition analysis, yet less or completely regardless to morphological examination. In this paper, through summarizing the examination methods about GSR, metal particles on electric marks, dross from welding and/or abrasive disc, the analysis was carried out into the micro-morphological characteristics and their formation mechanism at high temperature that had made the here-mentioned particles being produced, with discussions of their respective evidential value targeted. At last, suggestions were put forward to address subsistent problems about examining the evidence of the kind.
  • 3D-Printed Key: Detection and Examination of Its Leaving Unlocking Marks and Remnants
    TAO Mengxia, YU Gang, CHEN Feng
    Forensic Science And Technology. 2019, 44(5): 416-420. https://doi.org/10.16467/j.1008-3650.2019.05.008
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    Objective To explore the investigating focal points and techniques about 3D-printed keys after unbolting locks. Methods 3D-printed keys were manufactured with four commonly-used materials - polylactic acid (PLA), both of imported and domestic; stainless-steel alloy and UV-curable resin. The newly-made 3D-printed keys, after unclosing locks, were examined with stereomicroscopy and scanning electron microscopy to detect the left remnants and marks (unlocking marks), plus the micro-infrared spectroscopy being used to have the spectra of 3D-printed-key-left remnants compared and differentiated against those from the original and traditionally-copied keys. Results Those 3D-printed keys, made of PLA, stainless-steel alloy and UV-curable resin, were all able to open the lock without causing functional damages. Among the keys, the one made of PLA or UV-curable resin had left in the cylinder of lock the remnants that can be identified with micro-infrared spectrometer. Compared to the original and traditionally-copied key, the key made of stainless-steel alloy was more liable to leave marks on the curved face of spring bolt. Besides, stains and abrasions had permanently remained on the nonmetallic 3D-printed key once used. Conclusions 3D-printed key, if used, will leave remnants in the lock cylinder and microcosmic marks on the spring bolt. These remnants and marks can be further differentiated through micro-infrared spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy for recognizing the specific materials made into the 3D-printed keys.
  • Analysis of the Novel Psychoactive Substance of Diphenidine
    XU Fangmin, LI Haibo, LIU Lingyun, WEI Wanli, XU Ruolun, LI Qiang
    Forensic Science And Technology. 2019, 44(5): 421-424. https://doi.org/10.16467/j.1008-3650.2019.05.009
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    Objective To establish a method for identifying the diphenidine by GC-MS, FTIR and NMR. Methods The methanol-dissolved sample was analyzed by GC-MS. For FTIR analysis, the powdered sample was ground and directly placed onto the ATR affix to undergo the consecutive detection. For NMR test, the deuterochloroform-dissolved sample was conducted through the followed handling. Results Diphenidine is mainly broken of α-fragmentation, with its characteristic fragment ions (m/z 91.0, 174.1) being detected under GC-MS. Through FTIR, diphenidine has presented its characteristic absorption peaks at 3257.81, 3161.72, 2513.09, 1494.51, 1456.07, 1446.47, 1436.86, 917.96, 782.64, 764.12, 742.68, 718.31, 705.64, 667.62, 559.44, 536.02, 511.65 cm-1, having matched well with those of the standard that was provided by SWGDRUG. From the 1H NMR spectrum obtained with NMR test, the sample was further identified as diphenidine, a new psychoactive substance. Conclusion The method is suitable for the identification of diphenidine.
  • Detection of Sevoflurane and Its Metabolites in Blood Samples
    ZOU Bo, WEI Chunming, CHANG Jing, REN Xinxin, WANG Aihua, SONG Ge, ZHANG Yunfeng, YU Zhongshan
    Forensic Science And Technology. 2019, 44(5): 425-428. https://doi.org/10.16467/j.1008-3650.2019.05.010
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    Objective To establish a gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) method for determining sevoflurane and its metabolite, hexafluoroisopropanol (HFIP), in blood samples for forensic toxicant detection. Methods whole blood (1.00mL) was placed into a 10mL headspace vial and diluted by 1.00mL deionized water. The vial was immediately sealed and maintained at 60ºC for 20 minutes. The headspace gas was analyzed by HS-GC-MS (EI) through HP-PLOT/Q (30m × 0.32mm × 20μm) capillary column, with the data being acquired in SCAN mode. Results The qualitative ions of sevoflurane were m/z = 131, 79, 69, with the detection limit (LOD) being 50.0ng/mL at good linearity ranging among 0.1~100.0μg/mL (R2 = 0.996) and the relative standard deviation (RSD) (n = 6) < 10%; meanwhile, the qualitative ions of HFIP were m/z = 99, 79, 69, with LOD being 0.5μg/mL under linearity in good range of 1.0~100.0μg/mL (R2 = 0.998) and the RSD (n = 6) < 10%. Conclusion This method can simultaneously and accurately determine the content of sevoflurane and its metabolite HFIP in human blood.
    • Research and Discussion
  • Animal Model of Mouse Perished of Lightning-like Death from Heroin Poisoning under Observation into Ultrastructure of Nervous System
    NIU Yong, SUN Wenping, LU Yanxu
    Forensic Science And Technology. 2019, 44(5): 429-432. https://doi.org/10.16467/j.1008-3650.2019.05.011
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    Objective To establish a mouse model of lightning-like death (LLD) from injecting heroin hydrochloride (HRH) and investigate the pathomorphological changes of brain tissue after death. Methods Both the tail intravenous (tiv) and intracerebroventricular (icv) injections were adopted to bring the trial mice into lightning-like death from the explored lethal quantity of heroin. The pathomorphological changes of mouse's brain tissue were observed under microscope and transmissible electronic microscope. Results With injection of 100μL HRH (10 mg/mL), the LC50 (LC: lethal concentration) and LC100 from tiv were 4.30±0.41mg/mL and 11.83±3.13 mg/mL; yet the icv's expressions under injection of 40μL HRH (10 mg/mL) were 3.83±0.69 mg/mL and 9.68±3.10mg/mL, respectively. The elapsed time of cessation into breathing/heart-beating by tiv infusion of HRH was 0.95±0.25 min/7.04±0.40 min, whereas 0.58±0.17 min/6.68±0.61 min by icv. Under microscope, the pathological changes of congestion and edema were found in brain tissue; and from transmissible electronic microscope were revealed the cerebral ultrastructure pathomorphological changes: the widened intervals between nerve cells, the abnormal mitochondria/rough endoplasmic reticula/lysosomes. Conclusions The animal model of mouse's LLD from heroin has been set up with the resulted histopathological changes of nervous system.
  • Morphological Characteristics of Footprints Left after Uplifting the Feet Wearing Socks
    QIAO Shengnan, ZHU Yuting, HU Shuliang
    Forensic Science And Technology. 2019, 44(5): 433-437. https://doi.org/10.16467/j.1008-3650.2019.05.012
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    Objective To explore the stable and specific morphological characteristics of footprints left after uplifting socks-worn feet in order to provide a new method for the analysis of such footprints. Methods Footprints were made and collected from five kinds of movement done by the feet wearing ink-painted socks. Through analysis of foot types by image features of the photographed footprints, the overlapping comparison was carried out into the photographs by Photoshop software, and a judgment was made on the value of morphological characteristics of the footprints from uplifting socks-worn feet. Results Same sock-worn foot leaves stable morphological characteristics of its marks under the uniform walk speed. When walk speed increasing, clearer morphological characteristics will be observed. Although differences exist between the 1st and 2nd metatarsal of the plantar area, the consistent morphological characteristics are present from heel to toe, reflecting individual foot's uplifting feature. If several socks-worn length-similar feet walk in diverse states, the respective morphological characteristics display bigger difference in the plantar toe area, demonstrating specificity among feet. Conclusions The footprint morphological characteristics from uplifting socks-worn feet may be considered as one kind of gait characteristics if they are reflective, reliable and specific, perhaps capable of offering new ideas for analysis of such footprints.
  • Category Identification of Inkjet Printers
    MA Chenjun, CHEN Gang, WANG Nan
    Forensic Science And Technology. 2019, 44(5): 438-441. https://doi.org/10.16467/j.1008-3650.2019.05.013
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    Objective To explore the value and applicability of category characteristics from various inkjet printers. Methods Through comparative analysis into the nozzle arrangement plus longitudinal lengths, the ink-jetting manners, the operating rules of printing carriage and other items necessary to enclose, the category identification of inkjet printer was carried out. Results Similar nozzle arrangement and ink-jetting manners were found from canon and HP inkjet printer. Commonly-used inkjet printers have discrepant nozzle's longitudinal lengths. For the rest inkjet printers tested here, there are distinctive difference of category characteristics among them. Conclusions According to the category characteristics of inkjet printers investigated in this paper, inkjet printers can be identified with some of their characteristics under certain conditions.
    • Technical Notes
  • Distinguishing Counterfeit RMB Currency with Optics
    YIN Baohua, LIAN Zhe, QI Fengliang
    Forensic Science And Technology. 2019, 44(5): 442-446. https://doi.org/10.16467/j.1008-3650.2019.05.014
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    Counterfeit currencies, seized from cases of manufacturing and/or selling them, are the most important evidential materials as they are key to link and/or trace the involved cases. The subjects here were 45 fake 100-denomination RMB notes that were printed of different serial numbers and fabricated through offset pressing. With microscope and video spectral comparator being used under various lights, the optical detection was carried out into the items of magnification, side lighting, transmission, photoluminescence and infrared absorption-and-reflection to highlight the fake notes' specifics about printed patterns, paper, ink and post-processed reliefs. Based on the graphic features, all the 45 fake notes were divided into 10 types, having made 14 ones determined to be printed in six different locations according to their printing inks and used paper, plus the other 2 ones confirmed from same one den by their post-processing features. Thus, a piece of evidence was provided for cases' linking and source tracing. The judgment of printing from same den was proved correct with the solved cases.
  • Forensic Analysis into Smart Router
    JI Chaohao, QIU Diancong, WANG Jimo, LÜ Junbing
    Forensic Science And Technology. 2019, 44(5): 447-450. https://doi.org/10.16467/j.1008-3650.2019.05.015
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    The wide-used mobile internet has brought router into universal application almost everywhere. Accordingly, router has also been increasingly involving into criminal cases. How to utilize forensic intelligence from the router to assist in solving relevant cases is a new task for forensic investigators. This paper presents a novel forensic analysis into one smart router of Xiaomi's, beginning with an introduction about the operating system of the device. Then, the process of conducting forensic extraction through user interface to collect user's info is explored. With examining the file system in the smart router, the forensic approach is finally built up into acquiring the evidential data like Wi-Fi password, connection records, operating logs. A reference may be offered here for electronic forensics into the internet of things.
  • Analysis and Extraction of DNA from a Glove Kept for Fourteen Years
    SI Fang, LI Qiannan, LÜ Dengfei, ZENG Zhaoshu
    Forensic Science And Technology. 2019, 44(5): 451-453. https://doi.org/10.16467/j.1008-3650.2019.05.016
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    Objective To explore an effective DNA extraction-and-detection method by which the STR genotypes were to test out from different parts of a glove kept for 14 years. Methods DNA was tested from the samples extracted at three places: position of the glove-lining between the thumb and index finger, site about 1cm below the five metacarpophalangeal joints, and the palm center. Choices of Chelex-100, magnetic beads (M48), silicon membrane extraction and direct amplification were used to have the DNA extracted and/or detected, with the STR genotyping being carried out by electrophoresis. Results Relatively complete STR profiles were obtained from the disposal of either silicon membrane or direct amplification. Conclusions The approaches of both silicon membrane and direct amplification are better than the other two choices for more complete STR genotypes to obtain, with the direct amplification having prior selectivity because of its simplicity, rapidness and fewer consumption of tested materials. Samples cut from the glove-lining areas below the forefinger and/or the middle finger provide better STR profiles than those from other places.
  • A Method to Extract DNA from Sweat Latent Fingerprint Deposited onto Viscous Side of Adhesive Tape
    LIU Feng, CHEN Aiping, HUANG Yongsen, CHENG Zhen
    Forensic Science And Technology. 2019, 44(5): 454-456. https://doi.org/10.16467/j.1008-3650.2019.05.017
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    Objective To establish a method for efficiently extracting DNA from sweat latent fingerprint that was deposited onto the viscous side of adhesive tape. Methods With the combination of biologically disrupting solution (bone meal incubation fluid) and silicon beads, DNA was extracted from the selected samples for STR typing. Results Valid STR profiling had been obtained. Conclusion The method described here is characteristic of short time consumption, small quantity of required sample, rendering good STR typing profile, therefore fully applicable for the extraction of sweat latent fingerprint DNA from the viscous side of adhesive tape.
  • Technical Unlocking Tested by Scanning Electron Microscope/Energy Disperse Spectrometer
    PENG Xugui, YANG Lunkun, DENG Qingqing, CAI Jin, RAN Chang, XIANG Hai, CHENG Nianqun
    Forensic Science And Technology. 2019, 44(5): 457-459. https://doi.org/10.16467/j.1008-3650.2019.05.018
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    Objective To detect whether tinfoil was used for unlocking in a burglary where no damage occurred to the doors and windows. Methods Through one burglary scene simulated, the sneakily-unlocked lock was analyzed against the kind-same new lock (control sample) by scanning electron microscope/energy disperse spectrometer (SEM/EDS) to detect whether there is the evidential metal left. Results Aluminum element was detected from the sneakily-unlocked lock, yet none of the control sample. Conclusions The SEM/EDS is able to detect the leftover metal from one sneakily-unlocked lock, therefore capable of providing support for solving the technical unlocking cases.
  • Effect of Four Different Swabs on DNA Release from the Adhered-to-swab Human Cells
    GAO Linlin, ZHOU Zhiquan, LI Youying
    Forensic Science And Technology. 2019, 44(5): 460-462. https://doi.org/10.16467/j.1008-3650.2019.05.019
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    Objective To compare the effect of four different swabs on releasing DNA from the adhered-to-swab human cells. Methods 5µL evenly-dispersed whole blood was respectively dropped onto 4N6FLOQSwabsTM flocking swabs (40 pieces), biological sample collecting-and-preserving casings (40 ones), forensic cotton swabs (40 ones) and common medical cotton swabs (40 ones). All the swabs were divided into group A (placing at room temperature for 1 day, 4×20 pieces) and group B (placing at room temperature for 30 days, 4×20 pieces). The template DNA was extracted with the modified silica bead method, and followed to undergo the quantitative PCR to test the amount of extracted DNA, with the final data being analyzed by SPSS statistical software. Results The maximal amount of template DNA was released from the 4N6FLOQSwabsTM flocking swabs, having the success rate of subsequent DNA test improved. Even after 30 days, the amount of DNA released by the 4N6FLOQSwabsTM flocking swab, albeit declining, remained higher than the other three handling-different swabs. Conclusion For the actual forensic cases, the priority should be given to the 4N6FLOQSwabsTM flocking swab for sample collection and preservation, especially the tiny quantity of human cells. Additionally, the collected samples ought to be tested as early as possible.
    • Exchangeable Experience
  • Shoes' Information Combined into Video Utilization for Case Solving
    JIN Yifeng, CUI Jia, SHI Feng, HU Shuliang, JU Chuanyue, ZHANG Bin, LIU Weiping, LIN Min
    Forensic Science And Technology. 2019, 44(5): 463-465. https://doi.org/10.16467/j.1008-3650.2019.05.020
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    The popularity of surveillance and monitor videos provides effective assistance to solve cases. Meanwhile, criminals also become learning from the massive media reports and exposure about how the public security authorities investigate cases. As a result, some criminals disguise themselves by wearing masks, hats or even changing their clothes when committing crimes, hence bringing difficulties to solve cases. However, few criminals change the shoes worn at the crime scene, leaving the shoeprints that can be queried into the shoe outsole pattern database. Once receival of valuable conclusion from the searched shoeprints, crucial clues wound be offered through utilization into the relevant video information. In this article, two real cases are shown about combining utilization of the shoes' outsole pattern and video information.
  • Speed Identification into Automobile Insurance Swindling
    SONG Mingze, XU Ying
    Forensic Science And Technology. 2019, 44(5): 466-470. https://doi.org/10.16467/j.1008-3650.2019.05.021
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    With the increasing quantity of private automobiles, various cases emerge from automobile insurance swindling, causing the insurance industry having lost properties. Among the cases of swindling insurance with forging road traffic accidents, the most common types show themselves in vehicle falling off cliff, falling into pit/water. Correct recognition of the responsibility relies on unmasking true cause of the accident into which the scientific speed identification is to analyze the process of the involved incident. With an example case of automobile insurance swindling from a false event of falling off cliff, the scientific principle of vehicle speed identification was used and introduced of its application method. Moreover, discussions were made for the investigators of insurance company to pay attention into their collection of key scene evidence and the identifiers to focus on attaining an appropriate train of thoughts about the identification in the respective cases of cliff-falling, falling into pit/water. The ideas provided here may play role to curb those malicious forged road accidents and/or automobile insurance swindling.

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