20 February 2019, Volume 44 Issue 1
    

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    Research Articles
  • Facial Comparison Based on Likelihood Ratio of Similarity Score Obtained from Deep-learning into Features
    LI Zhihui, XIE Lanchi, WANG Guiqiang, WANG Haiou, NIU Yong, XU Lei, YAN Yuwen, LI Zhigang, XU Xiaojing, HUANG Wei, ZHANG Ning, GUO Jingjing, HOU Xinyu
    Forensic Science And Technology. 2019, 44(1): 1-8. https://doi.org/10.16467/j.1008-3650.2019.01.001
    Abstract ( ) Download PDF HTML   Knowledge map Save
    Feature-comparison is one of the core methods among forensic evidence test, almost being applied by every professional subject. The feature-comparison method, based on the statistical framework, is objective, thus becoming the on-going direction of forensic science. Facial feature comparison is explored in this paper. Through in-depth characteristic analysis of the current deep learning with face features, the facial feature comparison is carried out into relevant large-scale data, thereby having obtained the statistical distributions of facial feature comparison score by deep-learning. Accordingly, the facial comparison approach is proposed at the basis of features' deep-learning coupled into the model of score-based likelihood ratio under Bayesian framework. The experimental results are supportive for the facial feature comparison to apply, demonstrating one more enrichment of the methods about forensic feature comparison based on statistics.
  • Mouth Simulator in Acoustic Analysis
    WANG Li, WANG Xiaodi, KANG Jintao, SHENG Hui, LI Jingyang
    Forensic Science And Technology. 2019, 44(1): 9-12. https://doi.org/10.16467/j.1008-3650.2019.01.002
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    Mouth simulator, an audio device used to imitate human voice, can exactly mimic human mouth speaking to generate sound field in near range, having its special purpose for either sound transmission through telephone, mobile phone, acoustic components or detection of acoustic features about microphone channel in communication products. With the extracted voices of the sampling (broadcast by mouth simulator for test) and the source, the comparison was here made on five acoustic parameters of PESQ (perceptual evaluation of speech quality), fundamental frequency, formant, PLP (perceptual linear predictive) and i-vector so that the difference can be recognized between the sampling and source voice, making the impact assessed of mouth simulator on acoustic features. The experiment indicated that mouth simulator, as a new type of audio device, inevitably has its effect on speech quality and acoustic parameters in practical usage despite the different degree. PESQ evaluation showed the maximum difference.
  • Determination of Zolpidem in Blood Samples from Emergency Patients Using GC-MS
    Hantae MOON, Youngki HONG, Junhui LEE, Ahra GO, Wonjoon JEONG, Heesun CHUNG
    Forensic Science And Technology. 2019, 44(1): 13-21. https://doi.org/10.16467/j.1008-3650.2019.01.003
    Abstract ( ) Download PDF HTML   Knowledge map Save
    In accordance with the tension and/or temptation from rapid changes in society, intoxication is significantly increasing year by year and becoming a remarkable presence in emergency medicine. It is necessary to establish a fast and accurate screening method to identify the toxicants, but research for such systematic toxicological analysis in emergency room setting is insufficient in Korea. Hence, the purpose of this study was to establish a fast and accurate method for identifying the drugs using GC-MS and to evaluate the correlation between the blood concentration of drugs and the clinical symptoms for proper treatment of patients. In order to set up the analytical method, blood specimens were collected from 80 patients who were admitted to Chungnam National University Hospital from February to July in 2015 and were analyzed by GC-MS. As a result, zolpidem was the most frequent drug, detected in 15 cases, showing its blood concentration ranging from 19.63 to 3605.85 ng/mL in the patients aging from 20 to 88 years old. 5 of the cases were patients who ingested zolpidem for suicide attempt (33%). Ingestion of zolpidem alone was in 5 cases and ingestion with other drugs in 10 cases. Alcohol was detected in 3 cases. The most common drug taken together was tramadol, detected in 4 cases, followed by acetaminophen in 3 cases, and trazodone and chlorpheniramine in 2 cases, respectively. Alprazolam, clozapine, diphenhydramine and quetiapine were each detected once. The zolpidem concentration was the highest among the patients in their 80s (older than 80 years), but there was no correlation with GCS score, mental change, the ingested amount or elapsed time after intoxication. This is most likely due to the lack of accurate information on the ingested dose and other substances. It is supposed that the difference observed in each individual is associated with metabolism rather than ingested dose. All of 15 patients including those with high zolpidem concentrations improved within a few days and were discharged. Symptoms of intoxication by zolpidem overdose were moderate, no further damage observed. This study will supplement the analytical system for detecting toxicants from samples of emergency room patients, information of correct dosage, and toxicokinetics exploration to establish a procedure for fast and appropriate treatment. Besides, it will provide useful information for determining intoxication deaths related to zolpidem in forensic toxicology.
  • Botanical Evidence and Its Potential Value against Campus Crimes
    YANG Ju, LÜ Zhou, ZOU Weidong
    Forensic Science And Technology. 2019, 44(1): 22-25. https://doi.org/10.16467/j.1008-3650.2019.01.004
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    The subject studied in this paper is the plants within one selected university campus in Chongqing, leading to collect the samples of floral and foliage plants with typical characteristics. Both the pollens and leaves were studied of their morphology by scanning electron microscope (SEM) and stereomicroscope. With the chosen campus as our research object, the regional distribution map was drawn out about plant pollen so that a database has been preliminarily established for botanical evidence against campus crimes. The database, when used, may play an important role in portraying the track of one suspect, determining the location of case occurring and identifying the suspects in campus crimes.
  • Fingerprint Detection by Metal Organic Framework (MOF) Resulted from Eu2(bdc)3 or Tb2(bdc)3
    GAO Wudi, GAO Feng, XUE Jing, WANG Zizheng, MA Rongliang
    Forensic Science And Technology. 2019, 44(1): 26-29. https://doi.org/10.16467/j.1008-3650.2019.01.005
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    Objective To explore the effect of metal organic framework (MOF) resulted from Eu2(bdc)3 or Tb2(bdc)3 on detecting the eccrine/sebaceous fingerprint on various objects. Methods Two immediate-mixing solutions (europium/terbium chloride solution mixed with disodium terephthalate solution) were to bring about the formation of MOF precursor molecules that were at once dropped onto the fingerprint-deposited surface, causing the creation of mature MOF molecules when the fingerprint-contained proteins were coupled with MOF precursors. The fluorescence-emitting MOF molecules finally make the fingerprint detected under UV light. Results The experimental results show that clear and coherent ridges are observed on a variety of both non-porous and semi-porous surfaces at the disposal of MOF from Eu2(bdc)3/Tb2(bdc)3, yet none on the porous surfaces. Conclusions MOF, here resulted from Eu2(bdc)3/Tb2(bdc)3, is an effective reagent for detection of eccrine/sebaceous fingerprints on non-porous and semi-porous surfaces.
  • Identification of N-isopropyl-benzylamine in Vitro and Urine
    LI Junbo, LIAO Hongzhu
    Forensic Science And Technology. 2019, 44(1): 30-33. https://doi.org/10.16467/j.1008-3650.2019.01.006
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    N-isopropyl-benzylamine is very similar in appearance and physical properties to its structural isomer, methamphetamine. Discovered from the increasing cases, N-isopropyl-benzylamine can be used as not only an attenuant of “ice” methamphetamine but also one substance of trafficking and smoking. GC/MS methods were here established to test the N-isopropyl-benzylamine in vitro and urine respectively, together with the optimization of sample extraction so that both N-isopropylbenzylamine and methamphetamine are capable of effectively detecting under the same experimental conditions. Besides, an ascertainment was made on N-isopropyl-benzylamine of its concentration boundary beyond which the methamphetamine test kit (colloidal gold) will be false positive from the cross reaction of N-isopropyl-benzylamine. The methods are very simple, accurate and reliable, time-saving, meeting the needs for the police to identify N-isopropyl-benzylamine.
  • Nile Red Developing Fingerprints on Wet and Porous Surfaces
    XUE Jing, WANG Yuanfeng, CHEN Yun, MA Rongliang, LI Xiaojun
    Forensic Science And Technology. 2019, 44(1): 34-37. https://doi.org/10.16467/j.1008-3650.2019.01.007
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    Objective To discern a method for developing latent fingerprints on wet and porous surfaces by nile red. Methods The optimal formula of nile red were tested and ascertained along with the excitation wavelength through experiments. Compared with the traditional agents, physical developer and oil red O, the nile red was appraised of its quality for developing fingerprints on wet and porous surfaces. Results Nile red/methanol solution, when homogenized with sodium hydroxide, developed the fingerprints of best images under the optimal excitation wavelength of 500nm. Followed the increasing time that fingerprints have deposited on wet and porous surfaces, nile red is slightly better than oil red O, yet definitely better than physical developer to make those fingerprints exposed. Conclusion Nile red is an effective chemical for developing fingerprint on wet and porous surface, especially excelling for the aging fingerprint.
  • Comparison between BlueBlood and TMB on Detection of Latent Blood Footprint
    SONG Huajie, LU Xilong, LIU Jin, BAI Yanping, CUI Jia, HU Shuliang, WANG Mingzhi
    Forensic Science And Technology. 2019, 44(1): 38-41. https://doi.org/10.16467/j.1008-3650.2019.01.008
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    BlueBlood, a new type of reagent for enhancement of latent blood trace, was here explored of its developing effect, available scenes and attentions necessary to be paid so as to improve its functions in actual crime-combating. An experiment was thus designed to compare the effect of BlueBlood and TMB (tetramethyl benzidine) on highlighting the latent blood footprints on such non-osmotic objects as painted wood floors, tiles, terrazzo, marble and floor leather. On the indicated-above common objects carrying latent blood footprints, both BlueBlood and TMB showed good effects to unveil the footprints resulted from smearing different concentrations of blood, yet BlueBlood being overall better than TMB with its showing footprints clearer, non-diffuse and distinct background. Additionally, BlueBlood has no influence on the secondary development by fluorescent reagents, e.g., acid yellow. Nevertheless, stuffs like milk and egg white can cause a certain degree of false positive reaction to BlueBlood development, therefore attention should be paid to avoid the interference from false positive reaction.
  • Rapid Determination of Dart-carrying Poison by GC/MS and Infrared Spectroscopy
    LIU Jin, HU Lifeng, CAI Hongxin, DONG Wenbin, YANG Hongguo, ZHU Wentao, LIANG Chen
    Forensic Science And Technology. 2019, 44(1): 42-44. https://doi.org/10.16467/j.1008-3650.2019.01.009
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    Objective Aiming at developing a method for quick analysis of dart-carrying poison (poisoned dart) by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS) plus infrared spectroscopy. Methods The liquid carried with likely-poisoned dart was extracted with alkaline ethyl acetate and further tested by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, with the white precipitate being analyzed by infrared spectroscopy. Results The results showed that both suxamethonium chloride and procaine were rapidly detected out of the liquid from poisoned dart, with suxamethonium chloride similar up to 81.3% retrieval by infrared spectroscopy. Conclusion This method is simple, sensitive and accurate, capable of using for rapid detection in casework.
  • Analysis of Phenol in Blood by GC/MS
    GAO Zhongyong
    Forensic Science And Technology. 2019, 44(1): 45-47. https://doi.org/10.16467/j.1008-3650.2019.01.010
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    Objective To determine phenol in blood. Methods The sample was extracted with ethyl acetate, and then subjected to GC/MS analysis. Results The recovery was 95.8% of the phenol in blood, with the working curve of the used method being y=525069x - 59076, and the correlation coefficient as r2=0.997. The linear range was 0.1 to 10 μg/mL, and the detection limit being 0.01 μg/mL (S/N=3.8). Conclusion The method is simple and suitable for both qualitative and quantitative analysis of phenol in evidential materials such as blood, stomach fluid, viscera and the others, therefore capable of being used in case detection.
    • Reviews
  • Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy Identifying Drugs: Advantages and Prospect
    BAI Yanping, MIN Shungeng, LIU Cuimei
    Forensic Science And Technology. 2019, 44(1): 48-52. https://doi.org/10.16467/j.1008-3650.2019.01.011
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    It is desirable for both the drug law-enforcing departments and relevant technicians to quickly carry out the qualitative analysis into the suspicious drugs of the seized materials involving with narcotics so as to improve the efficiency and reduce the cost for drug identification. The analytical methods, based on Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), are simpler, more rapid, less expensive and non-destructive, thus making them an ideal choice for quick identification of drugs. Recently, National Narcotic Control Bureau of Ministry of Public Security has formulated and issued a series of industrial standard methods that use FTIR to fast implement qualitative identification analysis into the common drugs, precursor chemicals and new psychoactive substances. These proposed methods are not only new more technological applications but also the innovations promoting traditional sample submission and identification modes. It is foreseeable that the popularization of FTIR approach will greatly increase the efficiency and reduce the cost of drug qualitative identification analysis. Here, a brief summarization was made on the advantages of infrared spectroscopy for the qualitative analysis of drugs, the done work and its application prospect.
  • Forensic Geology and Soil Examination
    GUO Hongling, WANG Ping, ZHU Jun, HU Can, QUAN Yangke, MEI Hongcheng, WANG Guiqiang
    Forensic Science And Technology. 2019, 44(1): 53-59. https://doi.org/10.16467/j.1008-3650.2019.01.012
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    Forensic geology is a discipline to apply geological information and technology into solving forensic problems. It is integrative and relies heavily on the knowledge and techniques from a wide range of other sciences such as chemistry, physics, biology, archaeology, engineering, the other disciplines alike and even their sub-branches. The forensic earth-related materials include soil, mineral, sediment, plant debris, pollen, microbe and some anthropogenic substances. Among them, soil is the most tangible and important for forensic laboratories because it is ubiquitous, capable of providing crucial information for criminal investigations. On one hand, a comparison is often required between the soil on a suspect's shoes/clothes/tools and that collected from the crime scene so as to match their properties of the materials extracted from the soil of both sides above, indicating whether the suspect went/involved to the crime scene. On the other hand, the likely provenance of certain soil is usually urgent to answer in order to narrow the investigation scope. Forensic geology has been developed long in many countries like Britain, America and Japan, being already well studied and applied in lots of cases. However, forensic geology in China has not yet been equivalently recognized among forensic community, with only some researches done before and sporadic utilization. Therefore, great efforts should be devoted to carry out and improve the application of forensic geology into practice. Especially, emphasis should be focused on building up databases relating to basic soil materials of certain areas so that a key forensic comparison can be made quickly and accurately.
  • Research Progress about mtDNA Sequencing to Identify the Species of Sarcosaphagous Flies
    YANG Jingbo, LIU Long, WANG Jiangfeng
    Forensic Science And Technology. 2019, 44(1): 60-65. https://doi.org/10.16467/j.1008-3650.2019.01.013
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    Forensic entomology can provide clues for investigators to estimate the postmortem interval based on the growing and developing patterns of sarcosaphagous pupas showing their metamorphous evolutions on the corpses. However, only a few experts are able to master how to identify the species of sarcosaphagous pupas or flies using the morphology knowledge, thereby limiting the application of such entomologic capability into criminal detection. Fortunately, a large number of attempts both home and abroad have been explored to authenticate the sarcosaphagous pupas or flies with their mtDNA (mitochondrial DNA) sequencing since Sperling made such a kind of identification in 1994, having obtained plenty of achievements. Domestic researchers also acquired great progress on the aspects of collecting samples, evaluating the species identification through sequencing the relevant gene fragments of mtDNA, applying the method of species identification at the basis of gathering various flies specimens in different regions nationwide, and analyzing the flies' targeted mtDNA sequences. This review intends to make a summary about the latest domestic researches on this tendency.
  • Nuclear Magnetic Resonance for Sewage Analysis
    LI Peng, GAO Lisheng
    Forensic Science And Technology. 2019, 44(1): 66-73. https://doi.org/10.16467/j.1008-3650.2019.01.014
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    Water pollution is increasingly becoming a serious problem with the development of industry, the augment of population, the over-rapid urbanization and the uncontrolled application of chemical fertilizers and pesticides. Water pollution is usually caused by various pollutant substances discharged into the water. Commonly, there are four kinds of pollution sources. First, the waste water and liquid from industrial production, ordinarily containing raw/finished materials unavailable, intermediate products, by-products and pollutants engendered. Second, the drainage collected by the sewer pipes, mostly coming from various domestic sewage and industrial effluents. Third, the polluting liquid substances out from agricultural activities. Fourth, the solid and semi-solid waste materials from people's lives and industrial process. Water pollution is malign as it has already reduced the utilization of water, exacerbated the shortage of water resources, seriously damaged the ecological environment and affected human health. Therefore, it is necessary to analyze the harmful components in polluted water/sewage. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) boasts of simple sample preparation, small destructivity to the analytes and complete component resolution so that it has got a great attention and been widely applied by most researchers among physics, chemistry, biology, medicine, food and other sciences. NMR can obtain information at the molecular level of different physical states with simple or even without sample pretreatment, thus excelling in environmental research. This paper emphasizes on the theoretical basis and application principle of NMR technique for analyzing the components in polluted water/sewage, illustrates the effect of NMR on detecting various components from sewage, together with the brief introduction to the sewage disposal process and NMR application status. Finally, a prospect was made on the progress of NMR technique, suggesting that the theory ought to be strengthened for applying NMR, the relevant new instruments should be researched and developed and more importantly popularized and accelerated into practical use.
    • Research and Discussion
  • Bibliometric Analysis of Medicolegal Identification of Sudden Cardiac Death
    HAN Xue, TAO Chun, CHEN Liqin, HE Gang
    Forensic Science And Technology. 2019, 44(1): 74-78. https://doi.org/10.16467/j.1008-3650.2019.01.015
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    Objective To analyze the literature about medicolegal identification of sudden cardiac death during 1981 to 2016 from CNKI database, and to explore the trend of relevant researches and development. Methods CNKI database was selected as the data source, and the statistical analysis was carried out from the perspective of bibliometrics. Results As of September 2016, totaling 559 articles were searched and 546 ones were enclosed for this analysis. The number of published articles had been significantly increasing after 2000. The authors of the published literature are mostly from domestic universities and institutes, having published 520 articles. There are 100 articles that were supported by the funds of various levels, accounting for 18.32% of the total enclosed literature. Those articles mainly involving with basic research take up about 58.98%. The collective citation is around 38.1%, with 338 articles cited none. 40 frequency-high keywords were hit for 40,693 times, making the top five been as “forensic pathology”, “sudden death”, “sudden cardiac death”, “heart” and “immunohistochemistry”. Conclusion The number of articles about research on medicolegal identification of sudden cardiac death had been yearly increasing since 1981, with more attention being paid into basic research. However, such researches are limited of influential impact. Therefore, the practical researches and methods should be strengthened and explored more.
  • Microfiltration to Isolate the Exfoliated Epithelial Cells in Human Blood for STR Test
    ZHU Dian, GAO Shan, ZHANG Ying, ZHANG Guangfeng, NIE Hao, LIU Kaihui
    Forensic Science And Technology. 2019, 44(1): 79-82. https://doi.org/10.16467/j.1008-3650.2019.01.016
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    Objective To establish a new method for exfoliated epithelial cells to isolate from the contaminated human blood based on microfiltration technology. Methods A filtering platform was built from the selected microfiltration membrane for cell isolation, with optimization of the items of pore size and flowing rate. 15 groups of equally-pair-mixed individual-different cell suspensions were prepared, with each group containing two identical suspensions, one of which was directly treated with the routine standard DNA extraction/test and the other firstly with the filtering platform and then undergone the DNA release and harvest so that the STR typing was carried out and compared with the corresponding standard one. Results When flowing rate is at 250mL/h and membrane-pore of 30µm, the removal of white blood cells reaches up to 90%, with more than 70% of the exfoliated epithelial cells being retained. 14 out of the 15 groups of the suspensions meet the desired requirements. Conclusions The method is applicable to the isolation of exfoliated epithelial cells in human blood, helpful to optimize the STR typing of the target cells in mixed samples, thus providing a new approach in dealing with mixed biological samples, e.g., the blood-stained cigarette butts.
    • Technical Notes
  • High-altitude Applicability Test for China-made DNA Detection Devices
    CAI Sifang, DING Xiaoxian, WANG Zhanhai, LI Ying, WU Bian
    Forensic Science And Technology. 2019, 44(1): 83-86. https://doi.org/10.16467/j.1008-3650.2019.01.017
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    The high-altitude feasibility was tested of China-made DNA detection devices to equip into the DNA laboratories in west plateau of China. All of the China-made apparatus, including DNA extraction instrument, PCR thermal cycler and DNA analyzer, were experimented with different test choices in high altitude laboratories. The results showed that the China-made DNA detection devices can meet the requirements of high altitude, having left satisfactory genotyping results from common biological samples with no need of special handling although the touch DNA samples will be improved of their detectability when sealed with paraffin oil before PCR amplification.
  • Polymorphism of 22 STR Loci in Zhejiang Han Population and Their Forensic Applicability
    WANG Wanxu, LIN Jinfeng, SONG Danlu, JIN Haiying, ZHENG Bingjie
    Forensic Science And Technology. 2019, 44(1): 87-90. https://doi.org/10.16467/j.1008-3650.2019.01.018
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    Objective To investigate the allelic distribution of 22 autosomal STR loci in Zhejiang Han population and to explore their forensic values. Methods 512 unrelated individuals were randomly selected from Zhejiang Han population and detected by STRtyper-23comp kit, plus the analysis by Genemapper ID-X software to the obtained data. Results The heterozygosity of 22 autosomal STR loci is 0.6797-0.8789, along with the probability of discrimination 0.8558-0.9730, the probability of exclusion 0.4446-0.7644, the polymorphism information content 0.6477-0.8697, and the cumulative individual recognition rate 1-4.1853 × 10-26. Conclusion The 22 autosomal STR loci are highly polymorphic in Zhejiang Han population, capable of being great value to the identification of forensic paternity, having applicability in forensic evidence identification.
  • Application of Spectrum Analyzer into Identifying the Wireless-communication Special Furtive-photographing Equipment
    YAN Yuwen, LI Zhihui, LI Zhigang, ZHANG Ning, XU Lei, HUANG Wei, XU Xiaojing
    Forensic Science And Technology. 2019, 44(1): 91-94. https://doi.org/10.16467/j.1008-3650.2019.01.019
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    There are amendments in the relevant laws and regulations fighting against illegal producing, selling and usage of the special equipment for furtive photographing so that the standards and procedures have been formulated on identifying such kinds of equipment, definitely requiring that public security organs hold the responsibility of identification through technical verification. Due to the users' concealment or camouflage, difficulty frequently occurs in discovering and identifying the special furtive-photographing equipment, especially its wireless-communication type. Here, an introduction was firstly made on the special furtive-photographing equipment about its identification context, preliminary classification, then followed with an illustration of the method that technically uses spectrum analyzer, antenna and electromagnet-shielding box to identify the wireless-communication special furtive-photographing equipment. Finally, the spectrum analyzer was illuminated of its application procedure and parameter setting with solving one actual case. Spectrum analysis is of real technical support for identifying the wireless-communication special furtive-photographing equipment.

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