15 December 2017, Volume 42 Issue 6
    

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    Research Articles
  • Dissection on Forensic Error
    WANG Guiqiang
    Forensic Science And Technology. 2017, 42(6): 431-440. https://doi.org/10.16467/j.1008-3650.2017.06.001
    Abstract ( ) Download PDF HTML   Knowledge map Save
    Forensic error refers that the forensic conclusion itself and/or its reflecting arguments diverge from the reality. Forensic error consists of the errors amid the conclusions, those from producing, delivering, understanding and/or applying the conclusions since it can result from such various sources as instrument, method, bias and the artificial. According to the attribute, forensic error can also be of: 1) the false positive/negative conclusion in relation to source determination; 2) the unfaithful quantitative/qualitative assay in chemical detection; and 3) incorrect predicting opinions in evidence interpretation. Forensic error can occur in any one of all the stages of criminal justice from evidence-detecting/collecting in crime scene, evidence-packaging/preserving in transition, evidence-analyzing/interpreting in laboratory, report-writing and testimony-giving in conclusion-making until the conclusion-presenting/understanding in court. There are a lot of literatures that have been published in peer-reviewed journals about the empirical researches on validation and accuracy of forensic evidence. Although it is not possible to obtain a generally-accepted error rate reflecting real forensic casework by the empirical researches from the literatures, yet the acquired data do demonstrate that a risk of error really exists during forensic casework with the instances in identification of fingerprint, DNA, firearm, bite mark, handwriting and human hair, therefore capable of helping us understand the way and frequency of error occurrence so as to determine the weak spots and high-risk areas in forensic identification system.
  • Hyperspectral Imaging to Segment the Blood Fingerprint Image with Complicate Background
    ZHU Luwen, CAI Jing
    Forensic Science And Technology. 2017, 42(6): 441-445. https://doi.org/10.16467/j.1008-3650.2017.06.002
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    Blood fingerprint, one of the most common physical evidence in crime scene, plays an important role in criminal investigation although it requires to unveil clearly from the disturbance of background. This article proposes a method for extracting the blood fingerprint with complicate background by hyperspectral imaging. Firstly, the spectral data were collected from the blood fingerprints under different and complicate backgrounds by a hyperspectral imaging system. Then the region of interest (ROI) was selected out of the spectral image, decomposing and segmenting the fingerprint-carried spectral components from blood according to its distinctive spectral characteristics so that the blood fingerprint images were effectively obtained of good quality. Compared with the traditional methods, the proposed method here permits a repeatable elimination of the interference from complicate background. Therefore, it can be applied widely in extracting blood fingerprint image.
  • Optical Information Encryption Applying into Exit-Entry Documents Security
    ZHANG Mei, WANG Xuejiao, XU Jianlan
    Forensic Science And Technology. 2017, 42(6): 446-450. https://doi.org/10.16467/j.1008-3650.2017.06.003
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    Invisible personal information (IPI), a security technique, has been applied in safeguarding the exit-entry documents integrity through the help of optical information encryption. The status and features of IPI were summarized here, with the focus being placed at the expatiation of the involved theory and relevant application. Firstly, based on the analysis of the encrypted information that is to hide into a sampling identity-recognition certificate, the principle and procedure of information encryption were theoretically illustrated together with the demonstrative embedment of the hiding information into the certificate-holder's photo via changing the positions, shapes and/or frequencies of the printed dots (or lines). Secondly, two common methods of information decoding were elaborated: one by lens and the other by software, in combination of their respective verification with sampling certificates. Finally, the trend was pointed out for the research to employ in enhancing the security of exit-entry documents.
  • A Systematic Plan to Examine Functionally the Pseudo Base Station
    WANG Jimo, JIN Meishun, LIU Li, JI Chaohao, WANG Hongqing, ZHOU Xiangpeng, ZHU Yuandong, PEI Hongqing
    Forensic Science And Technology. 2017, 42(6): 451-454. https://doi.org/10.16467/j.1008-3650.2017.06.004
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    Pseudo Base Station (PBS), the typical criminal equipment for telecom fraud, is evidential for legal penalty to set down with its forensic data analysis and functional examination. Although there have been many practice and experience on data examination of PBS, a challenge is still persisting for the forensic digital examiner to conduct the PBS's functional examination. Fortunately, both the principle and function that PBS relies on and realizes are not changed despite PBS itself is continuously evolving against the increasing enforcement to crack it down, therefore making PBS's functional examination not only indispensable but achievable as well. This paper, based on the operating principle and function of PBS, proposes a systematic plan to examine PBS functionally and test its performance in practice. The test result proves that the designed system can satisfy the actual requirement for digital forensics to expose the PBS's functional realization.
  • The Close Non-matching Fingerprint: Its Analysis in Central and Delta Area of Loop and the Revelation for Fingerprint Identification
    LIU Zhe, WANG Yongcan, LIU Tian, LUO Yaping
    Forensic Science And Technology. 2017, 42(6): 455-459. https://doi.org/10.16467/j.1008-3650.2017.06.005
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    With the ever larger AFIS (automatic fingerprint identification system) database bringing out more highly similar patterns of fingerprints (some of them designated as the close non-matching fingerprints), some fingerprint examiners are being more challenged because of their experience and cognition when they compare the suspect's fingerprint against the ones from AFIS. Therefore, it is very helpful for the relevant examiners to understand the AFIS occurrence of the close non-matching fingerprints and recognize the minutiae between the true fingerprints and the close non-matching ones. This study looked into AFIS database for the close non-matching fingerprints through selecting 8, 10, 12 minutiae in the central and delta area of 80 loops of volunteers' fingerprints, analyzing whether the amount and area of the minutiae can influence the AFIS occurrence of fingerprints from true source and/or the close non-matching origins. The results showed that the amount does have an effect as both the central and delta area made higher fingerprints' occurrence from the true source with more inclusion of minutia than the lower from the close non-matching origins. The located area of minutiae also affected the occurrence, showing it getting lower of the true source but higher of the close non-matching origins in the delta area than the central. Besides, one meaningful phenomenon was discovered that the close non-matching fingerprints tend to be from the same hand placement as that of the latent (or scene-collected) fingerprints.
  • Preservation Chronergy of Blood Samples from Drunk Drivers
    TU Guozhang, ZHANG Xianqiang, XIAN Dexin
    Forensic Science And Technology. 2017, 42(6): 460-462. https://doi.org/10.16467/j.1008-3650.2017.06.006
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    Objective To explore the effective preservation time for drunk driver's blood to receive valid detection so as to ensure the accuracy of alcohol concentration determined. Methods Three kinds of vacuum anti-coagulative blood samples, kept respectively in the tube of EDTA-K2, sodium citrate (1:9) and sodium heparin, were selected to preserve under -20℃. Alcohol concentration of the blood samples was detected with gas chromatography (GC) on the day of 0, 3, 7, 14, 21, 28, 42 and 49 for primary screening. Into the tube showing the best stability of alcohol content was stored the venous blood at -20℃. GC was once again used to determine the alcohol concentration of the stored blood at the day of 0, 3, 7, 14, 21, 30, 60, 90, 120, 150 and 180. Results The EDTA-K2 tube showed of the best stability of blood alcohol concentration while both the sodium citrate (1:9) and sodium heparin tube made the alcohol content changed obviously after 42 days. In the EDTA-K2 tube, the alcohol kept its concentration steadily within 90 days, yet then being significantly continuous decreasing. Conclusions The preservation chronergy is within 90 days for the drunk driver's blood sample to be kept with EDTA-K2 tube.
  • Comparison on the Effect of Removing the Co-purified Inhibitors from Forensic DNA Samples by Both the SCODA Technology and Magnetic Beads Disposal
    ZHANG Min, LI Fu, YAN Meng, JIN Xiaopan, JIAO Zhangping
    Forensic Science And Technology. 2017, 42(6): 463-466. https://doi.org/10.16467/j.1008-3650.2017.06.007
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    Objective To compare the removal effect of two purifying methods [the SCODA (synchronous coefficient of drag alteration) technology and magnetic beads disposal] on eliminating two kinds of PCR inhibitors (humic acid and melanin) from forensic DNA samples. Methods The simulative samples were made with two pieces of 1mm-diameter blood cards to drink in either humic acid or melanin. After purified with SCODA technology or magnetic beads kits, the DNA samples were subjected to GlobalFiler® PCR amplification and followed STR genotyping. The inhibitor-removing effect was estimated with the allelic number of STR loci detected from the samples purified by SCODA technology or magnetic beads. Results All of the 24 alleles had been detected from the SCODA-purified simulative samples no matter whether they were prepared with concentrated content of either humic acid (600μg) or melanin (200μg). However, the magnetic-beads-purified simulative samples had no STR allele detected at all. Conclusion SCODA technology outperforms the magnetic beads in effectively removing certain concentration of either humic acid or melanin.
  • Determination of Black Laser Printing Traces by Pyrolytic Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (PyGC-MS)
    LIU Yifei, LIAN Zhe, WANG Weixin, YIN Baohua, ZOU Jixin, LI Xingru
    Forensic Science And Technology. 2017, 42(6): 467-470. https://doi.org/10.16467/j.1008-3650.2017.06.008
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    Objective To establish a method for detecting the ink of black and white laser printers by the pyrolytic gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (PyGC-MS). Methods The black and white laser-printing traces were tested with the PyGC-MS under the optimized experimental conditions of cracking time and temperature, heating rate, split ratio and initial chromatographic temperature. The main components were qualitatively analyzed by the obtained mass spectrogram, thereby making the tested samples classified. Results A total of 18-kind black and white traces were analyzed from 12-brand laser printers, and classified into 5 categories according to their main composition and relative content, leaving up to 81% of them to be differentiated. Conclusions The method is characterized with simple pre-processing of sample, good repeatability and high accuracy, capable of providing a basis for judging the source of printed documents.
  • Paternity Index Calculated from the Parents-offspring-triadic Autosomal STR Shown in Three-banded Patterns
    LIU Fang, REN He, CHEN Chong, SHI Yan, LIU Ying
    Forensic Science And Technology. 2017, 42(6): 471-475. https://doi.org/10.16467/j.1008-3650.2017.06.009
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    Objective To discuss how to calculate the paternity index of autosomal three-banded-pattern STRs appeared in parents-offspring-triadic paternity testing. Methods Based on the 30 pieces showing three-banded-pattern STRs detected from 9691 cases of parents-offspring-triadic paternity testing, the three-banded patterns were divided into five types by the phenotypes of each father-mother-child triad. According to Mendel's laws of inheritance and the calculation principle of the conventional parents-offspring-triadic paternity index, the paternity indexes were calculated on the five-type three-banded patterns. Results For the five types of three-banded-patterns, the formulas were established about the paternity index of parents-offspring-triad autosomal STRs from specific examples. Conclusion For the three-banded patterns shown from autosomal STR parents-offspring-triad paternity testing, the paternity index can be calculated by the correlative formula here.
    • Reviews
  • A Survey of Crime Scene Reconstruction Based on 3D Laser Scanning Technology
    LIU Jin, YU Peng, BAI Junxuan, FU Huanzhang, PAN Junjun
    Forensic Science And Technology. 2017, 42(6): 476-481. https://doi.org/10.16467/j.1008-3650.2017.06.010
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    At present, social contradictions still leave high incidence of criminal offenses in China. In fight against the culprits exerting more complex criminal tricks and more diverse crime scenes, the effective crime scene reconstruction would provide powerful supports for criminal investigation. The traditional methods of crime scene reconstruction are onerous and inefficient, ridden plus the less informative 2D data collected from the scene. Not only does the 3D laser scanning technology preserve the integrity of the crime scene with its advantages of the non-contact, real-time and the accurate reconstructing of the scene, but record quickly and precisely the much more 3D information of the scene as well. In this paper, a survey was made on crime scene reconstruction based on 3D laser scanning technology, mainly introducing the classification of 3D laser scanners and the concrete processes of 3D laser scanning. At last, different 3D reconstruction schemes were come up with according to the field dimension of crime scene.
  • Upholding Technologies in Forensic Genetics: Progress and Prospect in China
    ZHAO Xingchun, SHANG Lei, YE Jian
    Forensic Science And Technology. 2017, 42(6): 482-485. https://doi.org/10.16467/j.1008-3650.2017.06.011
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    Upholding technologies are of great importance in forensic genetics since they provide integral support with flexible and solid engineering technologies for research and development of the subject. Generally, the improvement of upholding technologies comes up with the innovation of examination methods in forensic genetics. Here, the idea of upholding technology system is put forward for forensic genetics with the discussion of its definition and classification, therefore bringing a full review of its history and current status in China. Finally, suggestions are proposed for further development of upholding technologies from the perspectives of localization, comprehensive intelligence analysis and leading technology, in the hope of providing references for related researches and applications.
  • Insight of the Extraction Technology for Anticoagulant Rodenticides in the Biological Samples Tested with Chromatography
    YAN Renxin, ZHU Yu, ZHU Guoyu, SHI Jianzhong, WU Weibing
    Forensic Science And Technology. 2017, 42(6): 486-490. https://doi.org/10.16467/j.1008-3650.2017.06.012
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    Anticoagulant rodenticides are commonly categorized into two classes, the coumarin and indandione. Sometimes, people and livestock are poisoned with these rodenticides, making it necessary for such chemicals to be detected in the biological samples when the involved cases occurred. This paper summarizes the domestic and foreign researches on extraction technique for anticoagulant rodenticides in the biological samples tested by chromatography, with the main focus on the extraction and purification of the anticoagulant rodenticides in biological samples. Extraction technique, systematically developed and studied for the analysis of anticoagulant rodenticides, primarily includes liquid-liquid extraction (LLE), solid-phase extraction (SPE) and the others related. This paper also analyzes the problems of the current detection technologies, and proposes the potential future direction of technical innovation. An integration that combines the extraction, purification and enrichment into one suite will be very likely a good alternative since it tends to be easy to operate, cheaper and more accessible into getting the ion-exchange resins.
  • THz Spectroscopic and Imaging Technology in Explosives Detection
    PAN Yanhui, ZHANG Jifeng, SHEN Zhenyu, SUN Yuyou, FAN Wulong, ZHAO Xiaohui
    Forensic Science And Technology. 2017, 42(6): 491-495. https://doi.org/10.16467/j.1008-3650.2017.06.013
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    First of all, a brief overview was made on the basic concept, research status and excellent properties of the terahertz (THz) wave in this paper. Then the focus was placed at the THz spectroscopic and imaging technology to detect explosives of the concealed, the distance-remote and the measurement of the involving THz spectrums in relation to application of some key researches and directions. Furthermore, a summarization was thereby concluded onto some research deficiencies, mainly the less studies about inorganic explosives, the atmospheric and/or liquid ones and the factors to influence the THz spectrums of explosives. Finally, based on the actual demand from public security and criminal technology, suggestions were given over the research and development of THz technology in disposal of explosion cases from five respects including the equipment, database and applicability.
  • Research Progress of the Terahertz Detecting Drugs
    ZHENG Xiaoyu, ZHAO Yanbiao, YANG Hongxian, LI Jiang, ZHAO Jianheng, GAO Lisheng, ZHENG Hui
    Forensic Science And Technology. 2017, 42(6): 496-500. https://doi.org/10.16467/j.1008-3650.2017.06.014
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    Terahertz (THz), a kind of electromagnetic wave spanning its wavelength frequencies from 0.1 to 10 THz (1 THz=1012 Hz), possesses eximious qualities of penetrability, safety, coherence, transiency and especially the unique molecular fingerprint spectra that are produced when the involved substance is being radiated with the THz wave. THz technology shows special advantages to drug detection because the commonly-seen drugs are within the THz waveband to make their molecules vibrate and twist, consequently capable of causing their respective idiographic molecular fingerprint spectrums to come into being. In this paper, a review was made about the research progress and problems on THz spectroscopy and imaging technique for rapidly detecting and accurately analyzing the drugs qualitatively and quantitatively in related crimes and/or scenes. Finally, some suggestions were also proposed for future research.
    • Forum
  • Strategy of Man-machine Coordination by Difference of Computer-based Automatic Fingerprint Identification from Artificial Recognition
    WANG Yong, LÜ Nan, ZHAO Tong
    Forensic Science And Technology. 2017, 42(6): 501-503. https://doi.org/10.16467/j.1008-3650.2017.06.015
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    Generally, technicians adopt somewhat different approaches and methods from AFIS (Automatic Fingerprint Identification System) when they independently judge the similarity of two fingerprints based on the determination of fingerprint characteristics. In this paper, the analyses were developed at extracting and recognizing fingerprint features according to our experience, therefore revealing the difference on fingerprint query and processing between AFIS and artificial recognition. Thus, the strategy of man-machine coordination has been concluded against the incidence where AFIS made the fingerprint features labeled with deviation, left out and even erred.
    • Technical Notes
  • Application Analysis on Shoeprint Automatic Identification System from China's 16 Provinces
    JIN Yifeng, BAI Yanping, LIU Huan
    Forensic Science And Technology. 2017, 42(6): 504-507. https://doi.org/10.16467/j.1008-3650.2017.06.016
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    With the establishment and application of Shoeprint Automatic Identification System in China's 23 provinces, there has been remarkable enhancement in both the utilization of shoeprint and joint investigation of cases though the system's application is obviously different among provinces. This paper gathers the system's application statistics from 16 provinces and analyzes at three aspects of shoeprint extraction, data processing and comprehensive application so as to understand the 2016-year applicable reality of the Shoeprint Automatic Identification System among provinces, thereby making some suggestions.
  • Problems Related to Examination and Verification of the Concave Marks: Case Example and Involving Significance
    ZHONG Shaotong
    Forensic Science And Technology. 2017, 42(6): 508-511. https://doi.org/10.16467/j.1008-3650.2017.06.017
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    Concave marks, resulted out of the ways of striking, prying and impacting, always show themselves the three-dimensional characteristics by which multiple alignments and comparisons can be made at not only the features in space and shape but also those from the motion succession, direction and location. Therefore, special attention should be paid into the comprehensive utilization of such characteristics during the sample production of relevant marks because the examiners are used to mold the scene marks and then compare them with the samples that are to be identified. Nevertheless, the above routine practice is defective for the indentations of concave marks. The reason rests at the necessarily full fitting of the mark-molding substances (plastic or plaster) into the matrix (the mark-forming object or its recipient) in order to make those crucial cubic characteristics (disclosing the real course and details occurring in the bumping between the mark-forming object and its recipient) reflected thoroughly. However, there are such factors of various curving dimensions, the demand scarce to adjust angle or direction and the difficulty to reach the innermost deep inside the matrix, sometimes causing the incomplete or untrue exposure compared to the genuine shape or pattern. As a principle, the made-up marks should be exhaustively well-exposed, obvious of features and easy to observe for identification of the concave marks. Besides, skillful use of graphic software is required for the technical personnel who should be able to discern the interfering items and grasp the essential elements from the samples. Definitely, the advance of mark examination and identification relies on the science progress and application, the emergence of new materials, the development of new tools, and the new methods widely putting into use.
  • A Method to Extract Rapidly the DNA from Bones and Teeth for Disaster Victim Identification
    WANG Chuanhai, LI Xiangqin, WU Yong, XU Cheng, DU Zhou
    Forensic Science And Technology. 2017, 42(6): 512-514. https://doi.org/10.16467/j.1008-3650.2017.06.018
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    Objective To explore the feasibility of a rapid method to extract DNA from bones and/or teeth for disaster victim identification (DVI). Methods Ninety bones and teeth of the victims, died from the Shenzhen “2015.12.20” landslide incident, were grounded into powder, from which the DNA was extracted by King Fisher Duo Prime platform within just about 3 hours and followed to subject to STR genotyping. Results The full-spectrum DNA STR profile was obtained from any one of the 90 samples. Conclusion For DVI, King Fisher Duo Prime platform is eligible for the rapid extraction of DNA from bones and/or teeth.
  • STR Test of Touch DNA Extracted from Coat Pockets
    XIA Lei, DUAN Ziying, CHEN Lizhang, FU Weixin
    Forensic Science And Technology. 2017, 42(6): 515-516. https://doi.org/10.16467/j.1008-3650.2017.06.019
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    Objective To explore the strategy about STR test for the DNA evidential materials of exfoliated cells collected from coat pocket that was involved with the crime. Methods DNA,extracted from the exfoliated cells with QIAcube Forensic Casework DNA extraction system, was taken as the template to undergo the PCR amplification and capillary electrophoresis for STR genotyping analysis. Results STR genotyping profiles were successfully acquired from each of the seized coat pockets, making the relevant 3 cases uncovered promptly. Conclusions Biologically evidential materials, such as exfoliated cells from coat or other clothes left at the crime scene, can significantly reveal their STR profiling and powerfully provide technical supports for the involved case to be solved when the efficient DNA test strategy was adopted based on the case situation.

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